Review
Parasitology
Shauna Richards, Liam J. Morrison, Steve J. Torr, Michael P. Barrett, Oliver Manangwa, Furaha Mramba, Harriet Auty
Summary: Trypanocides are crucial in controlling African animal trypanosomiasis in tsetse-infested areas, but issues such as inappropriate use, drug quality problems, and treatment failure have been highlighted by recent research. There are gaps in knowledge and investment in inexpensive AAT diagnostics, understanding of drug resistance, and effective use of trypanocides, making it difficult to develop best practices and policies for existing drugs or inform the development and use of new drugs. Understanding the drivers and behavioral practices around trypanocide use is important for sustainable solutions needed for effective control of AAT.
TRENDS IN PARASITOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Microbiology
Keisuke Suganuma, David D. N'Da, Ken-ichi Watanabe, Yusuke Tanaka, Ehab Mossaad, Afraa Elata, Noboru Inoue, Shin-ichiro Kawazu
Summary: This study aimed to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of nitrofurantoin in treating Animal African trypanosomosis (AAT) caused by Trypanosoma congolense. The results showed that oral administration of nitrofurantoin significantly suppressed parasitemia in infected mice, and higher doses led to higher survival rates and cure rates. Oral nitrofurantoin administration has potential trypanocidal efficacy against T. congolense induced AAT.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Marzuq A. Ungogo, Mustafa M. Aldfer, Manal J. Natto, Hainan Zhuang, Robyn Chisholm, Katy Walsh, MarieClaire McGee, Kayhan Ilbeigi, Jamal Ibrahim Asseri, Richard J. S. Burchmore, Guy Caljon, Serge Van Calenbergh, Harry P. De Koning
Summary: African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) is a fatal livestock disease in Sub-Saharan Africa caused by Trypanosoma brucei brucei, T. vivax, and T. congolense. Limited treatment options and resistance threaten the control of this disease. In this study, the adenosine transporters of T. vivax (TvxNT3) and T. congolense (TcoAT1/NT10) were characterized and their functional expression was demonstrated. The findings suggest that nucleoside chemotherapy for AAT is viable based on the similarities in nucleoside sensitivity among different parasite species and the interactions with nucleoside transporters.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Veterinary Sciences
Shewit Kalayou, Michael Nyang'anga Okal, Peter Otieno Odhiambo, Kawira Mathenge, Daniel Ochieng Gamba, Edward Kariuki, Francis McOdimba, Daniel Masiga
Summary: The study investigated the prevalence and risk factors of bovine trypanosomosis in Lambwe valley, identifying major infecting species and their distribution. Findings showed that approximately 85% of infections occurred within 2 km of Ruma National Park.
FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Pathology
Davinson C. Anyogu, Shodeinde V. O. Shoyinka, John I. Ihedioha
Summary: This study evaluated the brain, pituitary, and adrenal lesions of Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma congolense infections in West African Dwarf rams. Infected rams showed pathological changes in cortical neurons and Purkinje cells in the brain, as well as degenerative, necrotic, and inflammatory changes in the pituitary and adrenal glands. The levels of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol were also increased in infected rams.
VETERINARY PATHOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Trong-Nhat Phan, Kyuho Paul Park, Diego Benitez, Marcelo A. Comini, David Shum, Joo Hwan No
Summary: Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by the protozoa Leishmania, with high infection and death rates in developing countries. New drugs with improved pharmacological properties are urgently needed. Trypanothione synthetase (TryS) is a promising target for drug development against leishmaniasis.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Samya S. Alenezi, Naif D. Alenezi, Godwin U. Ebiloma, Manal J. Natto, Marzuq A. Ungogo, John O. Igoli, Valerie A. Ferro, Alexander I. Gray, James Fearnley, Harry P. de Koning, David G. Watson
Summary: Propolis is a resin gathered by bees from plant exudates, and its composition depends on the nearby plants. It acts as an anti-infective and has anti-protozoal properties. Red Nigerian propolis was found to be highly active against Trypanosoma brucei and T. congolense, and four isoflavonoids isolated from the propolis displayed high activity against the parasites.
Article
Parasitology
I Chantal, C. Minet, D. Berthier
Summary: A novel culture protocol was proposed to support long-term in vitro growth of three Savannah and Forest types of T. congolense strains, including IL1180, allowing sustainable growth for 18 days in axenic conditions and efficient growth within 30 days after thawing with a new freezing/thawing system. These results are encouraging for future gene studies or therapeutic drug assays on T. congolense.
VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Veterinary Sciences
Davinson C. Anyogu, Shodeinde V. O. Shoyinka, John I. Ihedioha
Summary: This study investigated the effects of trypanosome infection on serum electrolyte levels, oxidative stress markers, and sperm parameters in West African dwarf rams. The results showed that trypanosome infections significantly impacted the health and reproduction of the rams.
VETERINARY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Integrative & Complementary Medicine
Ayechew Yetayeh Emiru, Eyasu Makonnen, Fikru Regassa, Fekadu Regassa, Takele Beyene Tufa
Summary: The study found that the crude extracts of leaves of Cymbopogon citratus and seeds of Lepidium sativum have antitrypanosomal effects, reducing parasitemia level and improving bodyweight in treated mice. Among all tested parameters, the best activities were observed in Cymbopogon citratus treated groups of mice.
BMC COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE AND THERAPIES
(2021)
Article
Veterinary Sciences
Victoria L. Savage, Robert Christley, Gina Pinchbeck, Liam J. Morrison, Jane Hodgkinson, Laura E. Peachey
Summary: Trypanosomosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in working equids in The Gambia, with a progressive severe neurological syndrome associated with Trypanosoma brucei infection. Co-infection with T. brucei and T. congolense was identified as a major risk factor for the development of neurological trypanosomosis, with a high mortality rate in affected animals. Further research is needed to understand the epidemiology of co-infection in equidae of The Gambia to better prevent cerebral trypanosomosis.
PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Veterinary Sciences
Jamila S. Al Malki, Nahed Ahmed Hussien
Summary: This study assessed the prevalence of T. evansi in camels in Taif governorate, Saudi Arabia, and analyzed their genetic relationship. T. evansi was found to be the main infectious species, with a higher prevalence in female camels than males.
BMC VETERINARY RESEARCH
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Benoit Stijlemans, Maxime Schoovaerts, Patrick De Baetselier, Stefan Magez, Carl De Trez
Summary: African trypanosome infection can lead to a seesaw balance between protective immunity and excessive inflammation, with the roles of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) being crucial in modulating the host immune microenvironment. Blocking MIF and promoting IL-10 receptor signaling pathways could potentially be used as therapy to counteract immunopathology development.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Parasitology
Bryony Sands, Katie Lihou, Philippa Lait, Richard Wall
Summary: This study assessed the prevalence of Babesia pathogens in Dermacentor reticulatus and Ixodes ricinus ticks in the UK. The results showed that Babesia canis is not widely prevalent in established D. reticulatus populations, but there is a need to raise awareness of the risk of equine piroplasmosis in areas with endemic D. reticulatus foci, as B. caballi appears more widely established. The study also found that Babesia divergens may be highly clustered within the tick population, and Babesia venatorum is widespread in livestock habitats.
Article
Microbiology
Nnamdi Ikeogu, Folayemi Olayinka-Adefemi, Chidalu Edechi, Chukwunonso Onyilagha, Ping Jia, Aaron Marshall, Julius Ode, Jude Uzonna
Summary: In this study, the trypanocidal efficacy of Crosspteryx fibrifuga leaf extract (C.f/L-extract) was evaluated. The extract showed a significant decrease in parasite number and an increase in apoptotic markers expression. It was not cytotoxic to murine whole splenocytes and exhibited immune regulatory effects. Treatment of infected mice with the extract led to a decrease in parasite numbers and an increase in mouse survival. The extract also affected the distribution of immune cells and the activity of superoxide dismutase.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Parasitology
Hannah J. Shaw, Elisabeth A. Innes, Liam J. Morrison, Frank Katzer, Beth Wells
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY
(2020)
Article
Veterinary Sciences
Tamzin Furtado, Elizabeth Perkins, Gina Pinchbeck, Catherine McGowan, Francine Watkins, Robert Christley
Summary: This study provides insight into leisure horse owners' perceptions of weight and weight management, offering valuable information for communicating with owners about weight, tailoring weight management strategies, and promoting positive welfare.
EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Umer Chaudhry, Qasim Ali, Lynn Zheng, Imran Rashid, Muhammad Zubair Shabbir, Muhammad Numan, Kamran Ashraf, Mike Evans, Shahzad Rafiq, Muhammad Oneeb, Liam J. Morrison, W. Ivan Morrison, Neil D. Sargison
Summary: The study found differences in genetic diversity of T. annulata between cattle and buffalo populations, with high levels of genetic diversity among the T. annulata populations from both species. The predominance of multiple parasite genotypes and multiple introductions of infection may have practical implications for the spread of parasite genetic adaptations.
TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Katrina E. Holland, Sara C. Owczarczak-Garstecka, Katharine L. Anderson, Rachel A. Casey, Robert M. Christley, Lauren Harris, Kirsten M. McMillan, Rebecca Mead, Jane K. Murray, Lauren Samet, Melissa M. Upjohn
Summary: On 23 March 2020, the UK Government imposed a nationwide lockdown as part of efforts to reduce the impact of COVID-19. This study aimed to explore how dog ownership in the UK was affected during this period. Data from open-ended survey questions and electronic diaries revealed three main themes: spending more time at home with dogs, changes in walking practices, and changes in behavior and training. Owners appreciated the extra time with their dogs but were concerned about the potential negative effects on their dogs when left alone. Despite the increased time together, few owners provided alone time for their dogs during the lockdown. Owners also found value in walking their dogs as part of daily exercise but felt restrictions limited sufficient exercise and interaction opportunities with other dogs. New undesirable behaviors in dogs, such as barking or clinginess, were observed during this period. Recommendations include helping dog owners teach their dogs to cope with being alone.
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Katrina E. Holland, Rebecca Mead, Rachel A. Casey, Melissa M. Upjohn, Robert M. Christley
Summary: Studies have shown that many dog owners did not plan to acquire a dog, with some taking in dogs due to relatives or friends unable to care for them, and others spontaneously encountering dogs in need. Emotional attachments and a desire to help vulnerable animals were common motivations for keeping the dog. Further research is needed to understand the prevalence of unplanned dog acquisitions.
Editorial Material
Veterinary Sciences
Tamzin Furtado, Robert Christley
EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL
(2021)
Review
Parasitology
Shauna Richards, Liam J. Morrison, Steve J. Torr, Michael P. Barrett, Oliver Manangwa, Furaha Mramba, Harriet Auty
Summary: Trypanocides are crucial in controlling African animal trypanosomiasis in tsetse-infested areas, but issues such as inappropriate use, drug quality problems, and treatment failure have been highlighted by recent research. There are gaps in knowledge and investment in inexpensive AAT diagnostics, understanding of drug resistance, and effective use of trypanocides, making it difficult to develop best practices and policies for existing drugs or inform the development and use of new drugs. Understanding the drivers and behavioral practices around trypanocide use is important for sustainable solutions needed for effective control of AAT.
TRENDS IN PARASITOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Sara C. Owczarczak-Garstecka, Robert M. Christley, Francine Watkins, Huadong Yang, Carri Westgarth
Summary: This study examines how workers in workplaces such as delivery, veterinary and dog rescue sectors negotiate the risk of dog bites, and how procedures in place may not always align with the actual risks faced by the workers. The findings suggest that employees often rely on experiential knowledge and subjective judgment when dealing with dog bite risks, which can lead to disregarding procedures and potential blame on victims.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH
(2021)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Pieter C. Steketee, Federica Giordani, Isabel M. Vincent, Kathryn Crouch, Fiona Achcar, Nicholas J. Dickens, Liam J. Morrison, Annette Macleod, Michael P. Barrett
Summary: Acoziborole, a newly developed benzoxaborole, shows promise in treating Human African Trypanosomiasis and potentially reducing drug resistance.
PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Naomi D. Harvey, Robert M. Christley, Kassandra Giragosian, Rebecca Mead, Jane K. Murray, Lauren Samet, Melissa M. Upjohn, Rachel A. Casey
Summary: This study surveyed dog owners in the UK to examine the changes in separation-related behaviors (SRBs) during the COVID-19 pandemic and post-lockdown period. The results showed that there were significant changes in dogs' SRBs, with dogs that had the most reduction in alone time during lockdown being at the highest risk of developing new SRBs after the restrictions eased.
Review
Immunology
Liam J. J. Morrison, Pieter C. C. Steketee, Mabel D. D. Tettey, Keith R. R. Matthews
Summary: African trypanosomes are protozoa that are transmitted by vectors and cause significant disease in humans and animals. The severity of infection varies depending on the species of Trypanosoma and the host, making intervention design challenging. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of trypanosome determinants of infection progression and severity, highlighting knowledge gaps and opportunities for developing novel interventions.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Hannah E. Brindle, Leonardo S. Bastos, Robert Christley, Lucie Contamin, Le Hai Dang, Dang Duc Anh, Neil French, Michael Griffiths, Behzad Nadjm, H. Rogier van Doorn, Pham Quang Thai, Tran Nhu Duong, Marc Choisy
Summary: The incidence of AES in Vietnam varies by region and season, with the highest incidence during the summer in the northern provinces. The cause of AES remains unknown in many cases. This study aims to understand the spatio-temporal distribution of, and risk factors for AES in Vietnam to help hypothesise the aetiology.
BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Katharine L. Anderson, Rachel A. Casey, Ben Cooper, Melissa M. Upjohn, Robert M. Christley
Summary: This paper provides an overview of a National Dog Survey in the UK, aiming to understand the current dog population and their owners. The results highlight trends and patterns, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding dog demographics is important for addressing their welfare needs and developing appropriate interventions.
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Elly Hiby, Tuntikorn Rungpatana, Alicja Izydorczyk, Craig Rooney, Mike Harfoot, Robert Christley
Summary: In Greater Bangkok, free-roaming dogs are tolerated by some citizens, but also raise concerns about dog welfare, nuisance behaviors and the risk of rabies transmission. A 5-year Catch, Neuter, Vaccinate and Return (CNVR) intervention was conducted to control the population of these dogs and prevent rabies. The evaluation of this intervention found a reduction in dog density, dog rabies cases, and improvement in dog-human relationships. However, the presence of other sources of free-roaming dogs, mainly abandoned or lost owned dogs, means that additional interventions targeting these dogs are necessary for effective dog population management.
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Rebecca Mead, Katrina E. Holland, Rachel A. Casey, Melissa M. Upjohn, Robert M. Christley
Summary: This study investigates dog acquisition in the UK and finds that nearly half of existing dog owners do not research or seek advice before acquiring a dog. Individuals with previous dog ownership experience are less likely to undertake pre-acquisition research, while younger prospective owners and those with formal education qualifications are more likely to do so. Findings have implications for organizations providing advice on dog acquisition and ownership, emphasizing the need for increased awareness and targeted interventions to encourage pre-acquisition research.