Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Pablo Vidal, Lisa A. Baer, Elisa Felix-Soriano, Felix T. Yang, Daniel A. Branch, Kedryn K. Baskin, Kristin Stanford
Summary: The prevalence of metabolic diseases is increasing, with diet being a major contributing factor. Exercise is effective in combating metabolic diseases. This study found that a high-fat diet impairs metabolic function, while a high-phosphate diet does not significantly affect glucose metabolism. Exercise can reverse the detrimental effects of a high-fat diet and restore metabolic function.
Article
Anatomy & Morphology
Alberto A. Castro, Fotios Alexandros Karakostis, Lynn E. Copes, Holland E. McClendon, Aayushi P. Trivedi, Nicole E. Schwartz, Theodore Garland
Summary: The study found that chronic exercise can affect muscle attachment site morphology, but there is not always evolutionary coadaptation of muscle attachments with voluntary exercise behavior.
JOURNAL OF ANATOMY
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Byunghun So, Li Li Ji, Saba Imdad, Chounghun Kang
Summary: This study aimed to investigate the effect of voluntary wheel running (VWR) on the metabolic changes in the livers of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD mice. LC-MS/MS was used to determine whether the tested intervention affected the protein expression profiles of the mouse livers. The results showed that VWR counteracted the adverse effects of HFD on the livers of the mice and affected the expression of proteins involved in ketogenesis, lipid metabolism, and the metabolism of drugs and xenobiotics.
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Alexander R. Stigall, Brian D. Farr, Meghan T. Ramos, Cynthia M. Otto
Summary: This study developed and evaluated a treadmill acclimation program for working dogs, aiming to train and assess their adaptation to the treadmill. By using acclimation assessment protocol and muscle soreness protocol, the researchers successfully acclimated the dogs to the treadmill and evaluated their degree of acclimation and muscle soreness.
Article
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Baojian Xue, Yang Yu, Terry G. Beltz, Fang Guo, Shun-Guang Wei, Alan Kim Johnson
Summary: Voluntary exercise can protect male offspring against maternal gestational hypertension-induced hypertensive response sensitization and reduce enhanced brain reactivity and centrally driven sympathetic activity.
Article
Anatomy & Morphology
Alberto A. Castro, Hannah Rabitoy, Gerald C. Claghorn, Theodore Garland
Summary: Selection experiments can reveal the process of adaptive changes in the skeleton of house mice. High Runner mice evolved thicker bones and larger joint surface areas for endurance running. However, in later generations after reaching selection limits, the differences in bone dimensions decreased and some were no longer significant.
JOURNAL OF ANATOMY
(2021)
Article
Biology
Monica P. McNamara, Emily M. Venable, Marcell D. Cadney, Alberto A. Castro, Margaret P. Schmill, Lawrence Kazzazi, Rachel N. Carmody, Theodore Garland
Summary: In this study, the fecal microbial community composition and diversity were compared between a group of mice selectively bred for high wheel-running activity and a control group. The results showed that the high wheel-running mice had a higher relative abundance of the bacterial family Clostridiaceae, which differed from a previous study on rats. Additionally, the replicate lines within the high wheel-running and control groups had unique microbiomes, indicating potential random genetic drift and/or multiple adaptive responses to selection.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yuka Kurosaka, Shuichi Machida, Yoko Shiroya, Hideki Yamauchi, Kumiko Minato
Summary: Exercise can reduce hepatic fat accumulation induced by dietary restriction in Zucker fatty rats. The expression levels of FAT/CD36 and FABP1 may play a role in this process.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Psychology, Biological
Susana Hernandez-Ramirez, Pamela Salcedo-Tello, Daniel Osorio-Gomez, Federico Bermudez-Rattoni, Gustavo Pacheco-Lopez, Guillaume Ferreira, Pauline Lafenetre, Kioko R. Guzman-Ramos
Summary: Childhood and adolescent exposure to obesogenic environments has been linked to various health disorders, including neurocognitive impairment. This study demonstrates that voluntary physical exercise can have a restorative effect on metabolic and cognitive dysfunctions associated with long-term exposure to a high-fat diet.
PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR
(2022)
Article
Behavioral Sciences
Everett Altherr, Aundrea Rainwater, Darian Kaviani, Qijun Tang, Ali D. Guler
Summary: The study suggests that long-term consumption of a high-fat diet reduces preference and consumption of high-calorie foods, associated with changes in mesolimbic dopamine signaling, and these changes can be mitigated by exercise.
BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN RESEARCH
(2021)
Review
Nutrition & Dietetics
Nancy E. Murphy, Christopher T. Carrigan, Lee M. Margolis
Summary: The use of high-fat, ketogenic diets to support physical performance has gained popularity, but the impact of such diets on performance remains controversial. A systematic review of 17 studies found that while ketogenic diets may have varying effects on endurance and power/strength performance, overall they do not significantly improve or impair physical performance compared to mixed macronutrient diets. Various factors such as duration of diet consumption, training status, performance tests, and sex differences may contribute to the conflicting results observed in different studies.
ADVANCES IN NUTRITION
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Sujuan Liu, Huige Li, Yukun Zhang, Hualong Song, Li Fu
Summary: Chronic inflammation plays a significant role in the development of metabolic disorders and is commonly observed in diet-induced obesity studies in humans and rodents. Exercise has been found to possess anti-inflammatory properties, although the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Researchers have focused on Sestrins and Nrf2, as they are known to protect against inflammation and oxidative stress. This study aims to investigate the interplay between Sestrin2 (SESN2) and Nrf2 and their roles in the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise.
BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR BASIS OF DISEASE
(2023)
Review
Cell Biology
Lee M. Margolis, Stefan M. Pasiakos, Emily E. Howard
Summary: Ketogenic diets and ketone supplements result in different changes in substrate metabolism, with supplements having a stronger ketosis effect. Ketogenic diets increase fat oxidation and accumulate ketone bodies as fuel, while supplements rapidly increase ketone body concentrations and inhibit fatty acid mobilization during aerobic exercise.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-CELL PHYSIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Chunxia Yu, Peng Zhang, Sujuan Liu, Yanmei Niu, Li Fu
Summary: Regular exercise can protect against dysmetabolism through the butyrate-SESN2 pathway, but this protection is weakened in the absence of SESN2. SESN2 deficiency suppresses the exercise response to microbiota composition and reduces the benefits of exercise on dysmetabolism induced by a high-fat diet.
FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS
(2023)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Saeed Daneshyar, Gholamreza Tavoosidana, Mahdi Bahmani, Saeed Shokati Basir, Maryam Delfan, Ismail Laher, Ayoub Saeidi, Urs Granacher, Hassane Zouhal
Summary: This study aims to investigate the combined effects of high-fat diets and exercise training on autophagy in mouse white adipose tissue. The results show that both the high-fat diet and exercise training groups had increased levels of autophagy-related genes and proteins. The combination of high-fat diet and exercise enhances autophagosome formation and modulates lysosomal degradation in white adipose tissue.
Article
Behavioral Sciences
Margaret P. Schmill, Marcell D. Cadney, Zoe Thompson, Layla Hiramatsu, Ralph L. Albuquerque, Monica P. McNamara, Alberto A. Castro, Jarren C. Kay, Darrius G. Buenaventura, Jocelyn L. Ramirez, Justin S. Rhodes, Theodore Garland
Summary: Using a unique mouse genetic model, the study found that selective breeding for increased voluntary running has modified the reward circuit in the brain, increasing motivation for running without affecting cocaine or methylphenidate reward. Both High Runner and control mice displayed significant conditioned place preference for cocaine and methylphenidate, with no statistical difference between the linetypes for either drug.
GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR
(2021)
Article
Anatomy & Morphology
Alberto A. Castro, Hannah Rabitoy, Gerald C. Claghorn, Theodore Garland
Summary: Selection experiments can reveal the process of adaptive changes in the skeleton of house mice. High Runner mice evolved thicker bones and larger joint surface areas for endurance running. However, in later generations after reaching selection limits, the differences in bone dimensions decreased and some were no longer significant.
JOURNAL OF ANATOMY
(2021)
Article
Biology
Monica P. McNamara, Jennifer M. Singleton, Marcell D. Cadney, Paul M. Ruegger, James Borneman, Theodore Garland
Summary: Changes in diet and exercise during early life have significant effects on the adult microbiome, with long-lasting impacts even after a washout period. The composition and diversity of the microbiome are influenced by genetic line type, juvenile diet, and/or exercise, highlighting the interactive effects of these factors. These findings suggest a complex relationship between early-life factors and the gut microbiome, with implications for host health and development.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Yue Han, Ming He, Traci Marin, Hui Shen, Wei-Ting Wang, Tzong-Yi Lee, Hsiao-Chin Hong, Zong-Lai Jiang, Theodore Garland Jr, John Y. -J. Shyy, Brendan Gongol, Shu Chien
Summary: Pulsatile shear stress (PS) induces the regulation of glucokinase regulatory protein (GCKR) through Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) at the epigenetic level and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) at the posttranslational level, affecting glycolytic flux in vascular endothelial cells.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2021)
Article
Anatomy & Morphology
Alberto A. Castro, Fotios Alexandros Karakostis, Lynn E. Copes, Holland E. McClendon, Aayushi P. Trivedi, Nicole E. Schwartz, Theodore Garland
Summary: The study found that chronic exercise can affect muscle attachment site morphology, but there is not always evolutionary coadaptation of muscle attachments with voluntary exercise behavior.
JOURNAL OF ANATOMY
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ismael Galvan, Tonia S. Schwartz, Theodore Garland
Summary: Evolutionary physiology, born out of the interaction between evolutionary biology and physiology, has not reached its full potential yet. By exploring new avenues and studying the potential of wild animal physiological adaptations for biomedical purposes, as well as the role of epigenetic modifications in regulating physiological traits, there is a possibility of enhancing the understanding of physiological evolution.
Article
Biology
Jessica L. Tingle, Brian M. Sherman, Theodore Garland
Summary: This study examines the locomotor kinematics and morphology of sidewinder rattlesnakes. It finds that the movement of sidewinders differs significantly from limbed animals and that larger individuals are not necessarily faster. Sidewinders lift sections of their body while others maintain ground contact during locomotion. The frequency, wavelength, and amplitude of the body wave impact speed. The study suggests that increasing frequency may be the best way to increase speed for sidewinding snakes.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Behavioral Sciences
Sarah E. Latchney, Marcell D. Cadney, Austin Hopkins, Theodore Garland
Summary: High runner mice (HR) have altered DNA methylation patterns of imprinted genes in the brain compared to non-selected control (C) mice. Maternal upbringing and sex also modify the DNA methylation profiles of these imprinted genes.
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Marcell D. Cadney, Ralph L. Albuquerque, Nicole E. Schwartz, Monica P. McNamara, Alberto A. Castro, Margaret P. Schmill, David A. Hillis, Theodore Garland Jr
Summary: This study investigated the long-lasting effects of early-life fructose consumption in mice and found that it increased total caloric intake, body mass, and body fat during juvenile exposure. However, it had no significant effects on adult physical activity or body weight/composition. Interestingly, mice that had early-life fructose and wheel access had reduced maximal aerobic capacity in adulthood. Overall, early-life exercise had positive long-term effects, while the effects of early-life fructose were minimal.
JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE
(2023)
Article
Genetics & Heredity
David A. Hillis, Theodore Garland Jr
Summary: Replicate lines under uniform selection evolve in different ways, and each line responds differently to selection, with HR3 being the most distinct. These results suggest that multiple solutions and private alleles can obscure general signatures of selection involving public alleles.
Article
Biology
Monica P. McNamara, Emily M. Venable, Marcell D. Cadney, Alberto A. Castro, Margaret P. Schmill, Lawrence Kazzazi, Rachel N. Carmody, Theodore Garland
Summary: In this study, the fecal microbial community composition and diversity were compared between a group of mice selectively bred for high wheel-running activity and a control group. The results showed that the high wheel-running mice had a higher relative abundance of the bacterial family Clostridiaceae, which differed from a previous study on rats. Additionally, the replicate lines within the high wheel-running and control groups had unique microbiomes, indicating potential random genetic drift and/or multiple adaptive responses to selection.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Biology
Alberto A. Castro, Theodore Garland, Saad Ahmed, Natalie C. Holt
Summary: There is a trade-off between locomotor speed and endurance, which is likely to be caused by changes in muscle physiology. However, the muscle-level trade-off contradicts the organismal-level trade-off previously reported.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biology
Ralph L. Albuquerque, Peter A. Zani, Theodore Garland
Summary: This study found that individual behavior is related to morphology and physiological function, which in turn indirectly affect behavior. On the other hand, parasite load has no direct effect on individual performance ability. Due to the low repeatability of field behaviors, the relationship between behavior and performance may be stronger than indicated by the results.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Biology
Nicole E. Schwartz, Monica P. McNamara, Jocelyn M. Orozco, Jaanam O. Rashid, Angie P. Thai, Theodore Garland
Summary: Selective breeding for behavioral traits can result in significant behavioral changes without proportional modifications to underlying morphological or physiological traits.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Biology
Jessica L. Tingle, Brian M. Sherman, Theodore Garland Jr
Summary: Physical characteristics of the substrate have a significant impact on terrestrial locomotion of animals and machines. Snakes' gait is more influenced by the environment rather than their speed. Testing sidewinder rattlesnakes on different surfaces revealed that the body's waveform had longer wavelength on vinyl flooring and snakes lifted their bodies higher on sand.
Article
Psychology, Biological
Umit Yilmaz, Kevser Tanbek
Summary: This study investigated the effects of intracerebroventricular administration of Spexin on the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis and energy expenditure in rats. The results showed that Spexin reduced food consumption and body weight, increased thyroid hormones, and enhanced energy metabolism.
PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR
(2024)
Article
Psychology, Biological
Kuei-Yu Chien, Yun-Ju Chen, Kuo-Jen Hsu, Chiao-Nan Chen
Summary: This study investigated the effects of a high-protein diet and high-intensity interval training on appetite and weight loss in obese middle-aged individuals. The results showed that consuming a high-protein drink and following a high-protein diet after exercise can reduce post-exercise appetite and the frequency of late-night snacking.
PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR
(2024)
Review
Psychology, Biological
Melissa Alves Braga Oliveira, Ana Carolina Odebrecht Vergne de Abreu, Debora Barroggi Constantino, Andre C. Tonon, Antoni Diez-Noguera, Fernanda Gaspar Amaral, Maria Paz Hidalgo
Summary: Biological processes in living organisms exhibit strong rhythmicity and are regulated by internal timing systems. Understanding the influence of biological rhythms is crucial for experimental design and reporting.
PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR
(2024)
Article
Psychology, Biological
Yanqun Cao, Hao Chen, Yinna Tan, Xu-Dong Yu, Chuli Xiao, Yin Li, James Reilly, Zhiming He, Xinhua Shu
Summary: There is evidence to suggest that chronic stress impacts neurochemical homeostasis and contributes to mental disorders. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of p-coumaric acid (p-CA), a natural compound found in vegetables and fruits, against stress-associated mental disorders. The findings suggest that p-CA could alleviate cognitive deficits and depression-like behavior in mice exposed to chronic restraint stress (CRS) by regulating the PKA-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway.
PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR
(2024)
Article
Psychology, Biological
Mai O. Spaulding, Jessica R. Hoffman, Grace C. Madu, Magen N. Lord, Caroline Soares Iizuka, Kevin P. Myers, Emily E. Noble
Summary: Food insecurity is associated with obesity and disordered eating behaviors. Studying a rodent model, researchers found that adolescent food insecurity may increase susceptibility to obesity and altered eating behaviors during adulthood.
PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR
(2024)
Article
Psychology, Biological
K. Oberman, B. L. van Leeuwen, M. Nabben, J. E. Villafranca, R. G. Schoemaker
Summary: The present study investigated the post-operative complications and therapeutic potential of J147 in male Zucker rats, and found that J147 treatment had positive effects on behavioral and metabolic parameters, but did not affect neuroinflammation. The results suggest that a combination of acute and chronic J147 treatment may be optimal for treatment.
PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR
(2024)
Review
Psychology, Biological
Mathieu Cournoyer, Alice Maldera, Alexandre-Charles Gauthier, Fabien Dal Maso, Marie-Eve Mathieu
Summary: This article provides a comprehensive view of the literature on the effect of different odors on physical activity through a systematic review. It was found that pleasant odors have a positive impact on participants' physical activity. However, better methodological consistency is needed in studies to produce more meaningful results.
PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR
(2024)
Article
Psychology, Biological
Gabriel R. Gilmore, Jeff Dyche
Summary: This study examined sleep, sleep/wake regularity, and cognition in college students diagnosed with depression and using serotonergic antidepressants, comparing them to those without a depression diagnosis. The results showed that students using antidepressants had slightly longer wake after sleep onset and lower sleep efficiency, but these differences were likely not noticed by the participants. There were no differences in sleep regularity or cognition between the two groups.
PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR
(2024)
Article
Psychology, Biological
Erica A. Cross, Kim L. Huhman, H. Elliott Albers
Summary: Social stress plays a significant role in the development of neuropsychiatric disorders and can lead to behavioral deficits such as social withdrawal. This study investigates the impact of social stress on social reward in Syrian hamsters. The results show that subordinate and socially defeated males have reduced motivation for social interactions compared to dominant males. Additionally, winning males exhibit greater activation in the mesolimbic dopamine system compared to losers. In females, there were no differences in social entries between winners and losers, but winning females display more activation in the NAc shell.
PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR
(2024)
Article
Psychology, Biological
Daniel A. R. Cabral, Maria L. M. Rego, Eduardo B. Fontes, Vagner D. O. Tavares
Summary: This study examined the association between body mass index (BMI) and negative emotional states (NES) in men with substance use disorders (SUD) undergoing treatment. The findings showed a positive correlation between BMI and stress, anxiety, and depression. These results suggest that reducing body fat accumulation may contribute to improving mental health in individuals with SUD during recovery.
PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR
(2024)
Review
Psychology, Biological
Elizabeth Agbor Epse Muluh, Jessica C. McCormack, Yunfan Mo, Michael Garratt, Mei Peng
Summary: This PROSPERO pre-registered systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the olfactory and gustatory changes in pregnant individuals. The meta-analysis revealed that pregnant individuals performed poorer in odour identification, rated olfactory stimuli to be more intense during the second and third trimester, and had increased pleasantness for sweet taste in the first trimester. No major difference was observed in terms of gustatory functions between pregnant and non-pregnant subjects.
PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR
(2024)
Article
Psychology, Biological
Renee Spiteri Douglas, Mackenzie R. Hartley, J. Renee Yang, Tamara B. Franklin
Summary: The expression of Hdac2 in the hippocampus is associated with social status, while the expression of closely related genes Hdac1 and HDAC2 protein is not associated with social rank in the hippocampus.
PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR
(2024)