Zonal flow in a tokamak pedestal

Neoclassical shielding is the dominant mechanism reducing the collisionless zonal flow in a tokamak. Previously, this phenomenon was analyzed in the case of an essentially homogeneous equilibrium since the wavelength of the zonal flow perturbation was assumed to be much less than the scale length of background plasma parameters. This assumption is not appropriate in a tokamak pedestal. Therefore the pedestal neoclassical polarization and the zonal flow residual differ from the conventional results. This change is due to the strong electric field intrinsic to a subsonic pedestal that modifies neoclassical ion orbits so that their response to a zonal flow perturbation is qualitatively different from that in the core. In addition to orbit squeezing, we find a spatial phase shift between the initial and final zonal flow potentials-an effect absent in previous works. Moreover, we demonstrate that because of orbit modification neoclassical phenomena disappear in the large electric field limit making the residual close to one.