Article
Virology
Jixiang Li, Shubin Li, Ming Qiu, Xinshuai Li, Chen Li, Binghui Feng, Hong Lin, Wanglong Zheng, Jianzhong Zhu, Nanhua Chen
Summary: The high genetic diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a significant obstacle for the development of effective PRRS vaccines. In this study, chimeric PRRSV strains containing different genes were constructed and tested for their ability to confer cross protection. The results showed that minor and major envelope proteins play synergistic roles in inducing broader antibodies and conferring better cross protection.
Article
Immunology
Yuanyuan Hu, Sen Zou, Zheng Wang, Ying Liu, Li Ren, Yanling Hao, Shasha Sun, Xintao Hu, Yuhua Ruan, Liying Ma, Yiming Shao, Kunxue Hong
Summary: This study analyzed the evolutionary characteristics and neutralization sensitivity of viruses in HIV-1 subtype B infected patients, revealing that two virus clusters adopted different escape mechanisms under different immune pressures.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Nuno Taveira, Ines Figueiredo, Rita Calado, Francisco Martin, Ines Bartolo, Jose M. Marcelino, Pedro Borrego, Fernando Cardoso, Helena Barroso
Summary: Developing immunogens that can elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) is crucial for the development of an effective HIV vaccine. In this study, a prime-boost vaccination strategy using vaccinia virus expressing the gp120 envelope glycoprotein of HIV-2 and a polypeptide comprising specific regions of the envelope glycoprotein was shown to elicit bNAbs against both HIV-1 and HIV-2. The findings suggest that a chimeric envelope glycoprotein containing specific regions from both viruses could be a potential vaccine immunogen to target neutralizing epitopes in both HIV-1 and HIV-2.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Joachim Denner
Summary: The decline in the koala population in northern Australia is attributed to the infection of the immunosuppressive koala retrovirus (KoRV), which is endogenous in many animals. Immunizing KoRV-negative koalas with a vaccine containing recombinant envelope proteins may protect them from infection and potentially lead to a virus-free population.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Peter W. Horby, Marion Mafham, Leon Peto, Mark Campbell, Guilherme Pessoa-Amorim, Enti Spata, Natalie Staplin, Jonathan R. Emberson, Benjamin Prudon, Paul Hine, Thomas Brown, Christopher A. Green, Rahuldeb Sarkar, Purav Desai, Bryan Yates, Tom Bewick, Simon Tiberi, Tim Felton, J. Kenneth Baillie, Maya H. Bitch, Lucy C. Chappell, Saul N. Faust, Thomas Jaki, Katie Jeffery, Edmund Juszczak, Wei Shen Lim, Alan Montgomery, Andrew Mumford, Kathryn Rowan, David M. Weinreich, Richard Haynes, Martin J. Landray
Summary: This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of the combination therapy of casirivimab and imdevimab in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. The results showed that this combination therapy reduced the 28-day mortality rate in patients without detectable antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 infection at baseline, but not in those with detectable antibodies.
Article
Immunology
Anna Timofeeva, Sergey Sedykh, Georgy Nevinsky
Summary: Unlike other viruses, HIV-1 is highly variable, posing challenges to vaccine development. Despite multiple directions for vaccine development, no successful HIV-1 vaccine has been developed yet. Researchers reviewed antibodies in HIV-infected patients and identified promising targets for vaccine development.
Article
Virology
Priyanka Gadam Rao, Gregory S. Lambert, Chitra Upadhyay
Summary: This study aimed to identify exposed/occluded Env epitopes on HIV-1 particles and investigate the mechanisms contributing to their masking. The researchers found that only select epitopes are accessible on virus particles, while others are masked. These masked epitopes can become accessible through pre-binding of specific antibodies or lectin-glycan interactions.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jackson S. Turner, Wooseob Kim, Elizaveta Kalaidina, Charles W. Goss, Adriana M. Rauseo, Aaron J. Schmitz, Lena Hansen, Alem Haile, Michael K. Klebert, Iskra Pusic, Jane A. O'Halloran, Rachel M. Presti, Ali H. Ellebedy
Summary: The study found that individuals who had recovered from mild SARS-CoV-2 infections showed rapid decline of serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibodies in the first 4 months after infection, followed by a more gradual decrease over the following 7 months but remaining detectable at least 11 months after infection. This suggests that mild infection with SARS-CoV-2 can induce robust antigen-specific, long-lived humoral immune memory in humans.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Christian Gaebler, Zijun Wang, Julio C. C. Lorenzi, Frauke Muecksch, Shlomo Finkin, Minami Tokuyama, Alice Cho, Mila Jankovic, Dennis Schaefer-Babajew, Thiago Y. Oliveira, Melissa Cipolla, Charlotte Viant, Christopher O. Barnes, Yaron Bram, Gaelle Breton, Thomas Hagglof, Pilar Mendoza, Arlene Hurley, Martina Turroja, Kristie Gordon, Katrina G. Millard, Victor Ramos, Fabian Schmidt, Yiska Weisblum, Divya Jha, Michael Tankelevich, Gustavo Martinez-Delgado, Jim Yee, Roshni Patel, Juan Dizon, Cecille Unson-O'Brien, Irina Shimeliovich, Davide F. Robbiani, Zhen Zhao, Anna Gazumyan, Robert E. Schwartz, Theodora Hatziioannou, Pamela J. Bjorkman, Saurabh Mehandru, Paul D. Bieniasz, Marina Caskey, Michel C. Nussenzweig
Summary: After infection with SARS-CoV-2, antibody levels against the spike protein decrease significantly, but the number of memory B cells remain unchanged, indicating an evolving humoral response at 6.2 months after infection.
Article
Immunology
Jeong Hyun Lee, Joyce K. Hu, Erik Georgeson, Catherine Nakao, Bettina Groschel, Thamotharampillai Dileepan, Marc K. Jenkins, Gregory Seumois, Pandurangan Vijayanand, William R. Schief, Shane Crotty
Summary: The quantity of CD4 T cell help has been found to influence recruitment and competition of broadly neutralizing antibody precursor B cells in response to Env trimer immunization. This finding is crucial for designing vaccines against diseases of high interest.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Mrunal Sakharkar, C. Garrett Rappazzo, Wendy F. Wieland-Alter, Ching-Lin Hsieh, Daniel Wrapp, Emma S. Esterman, Chengzi Kaku, Anna Z. Wec, James C. Geoghegan, Jason S. McLellan, Ruth Connor, Peter F. Wright, Laura M. Walker
Summary: The study on the kinetics and evolution of the human B cell response to SARS-CoV-2 infection revealed that serum neutralizing antibody responses declined rapidly, while spike-specific IgG(+) memory B cells remained stable or increased over time. The research also showed evidence for prolonged antibody affinity maturation and the impact of mutations in the S protein on the neutralizing antibody response.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Virology
Emma Parker Miller, Maxwell T. Finkelstein, Molly C. Erdman, Paul C. Seth, Daniela Fera
Summary: Approximately 10-20% of HIV-1 infected individuals develop antibodies that can neutralize diverse HIV-1 strains, which are crucial for vaccine design and therapy. Structural analyses reveal a limited number of vulnerable sites on the HIV-1 spike, providing insights for vaccine design and combination therapy strategies to reduce viral resistance mutations. Recent updates on spike structures in complex with broadly neutralizing antibodies are discussed in the context of all epitopes identified to date.
Review
Microbiology
Connie Zhao, Hongru Li, Talia H. Swartz, Benjamin K. Chen
Summary: The HIV Env glycoprotein plays a crucial role in viral entry and antibody responses. Complex mechanisms allow HIV-1 Env to evade the immune system. Env on infected cells has distinct conformations compared to Env on virus particles. Understanding these differences is essential for vaccine design and therapeutic strategies.
Review
Virology
Elsa Gomez-Escobar, Philippe Roingeard, Elodie Beaumont
Summary: The introduction of DAAs has transformed hepatitis C treatment by eliminating the virus without adverse effects. However, viral eradication remains challenging globally. The development of a vaccine containing HCV envelope glycoproteins, which are the main target for neutralizing antibodies, is crucial for reducing the burden of the disease. This review summarizes the targeted regions of these proteins and their presentation in current vaccine candidates.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Pinja Jalkanen, Pekka Kolehmainen, Hanni K. Hakkinen, Moona Huttunen, Paula A. Tahtinen, Rickard Lundberg, Sari Maljanen, Arttu Reinholm, Sisko Tauriainen, Sari H. Pakkanen, Iris Levonen, Arttu Nousiainen, Taru Miller, Hanna Valimaa, Lauri Ivaska, Arja Pasternack, Rauno Naves, Olli Ritvos, Pamela Osterlund, Suvi Kuivanen, Teemu Smura, Jussi Hepojoki, Olli Vapalahti, Johanna Lempainen, Laura Kakkola, Anu Kantele, Ilkka Julkunen
Summary: The study shows that the second dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine can induce cross-neutralization to some extent of SARS-CoV-2 variants, providing partial protection. Despite the reduced neutralization effect on the B.1.351 variant, the majority of vaccinees still have some level of protection.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)