Vibrational Bloch-Siegert effect in trapped ions

When trapped atoms are illuminated by weak lasers, off-resonant transitions cause shifts in the frequencies of the vibrational-sideband resonances. These frequency shifts may be understood in terms of Stark shifts of the individual levels or, as proposed here, as a vibrational Bloch-Siegert shift, an effect closely related to the usual (radio-frequency or optical) Bloch-Siegert shift and associated with rapidly oscillating terms when the rotating wave approximation is not made. Explicit analytic expressions are derived and compared to numerical results, and the similarities and differences between the usual and the vibrational Bloch-Siegert shifts are also spelled out.