Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Collin J. Wilkinson, John C. Mauro
Summary: This study demonstrates that glass relaxation can be accurately modeled through a simplified toy enthalpy landscape approach, bypassing the use of fictive temperature, and provides insights into the thermodynamics and kinetics of crystallization. The toy landscape approach, based on a more accurate physical framework, recovers key predictions from traditional fictive temperature descriptions, giving fundamental knowledge of glass relaxation and crystallization processes.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Qi Qiao, Zhengqing Cai, Ji Wang, Zijing Li, Shidong Feng, Zhen-Qiang Song, Li-Min Wang
Summary: The effects of adding niobium (Nb) on the glass-forming ability and mechanical properties of (Zr40Ti40Ni20)72Be28 bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) alloy system were studied. The addition of appropriate amounts of Nb weakens, then enhances the glass-forming ability of the alloy system and improves its thermal stability. Mechanical tests show that the addition of Nb enhances the room-temperature plasticity of the alloys, with a significant increase in compression deformation.
JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
G. P. Johari
Summary: By comparing the heat capacity curves of glass and melt, the fictive temperature Tf of the glass can be estimated. It is found that the heat capacity of 20-million-year-old fossil amber and fresh amber are the same at temperatures lower than 273K, and the Tf of fossil amber is 0.89Tg->l. However, using the same heat capacity values violates the basic laws of thermodynamics at temperatures higher than 0K.
JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Collin J. Wilkinson, Daniel R. Cassar, Anthony DeCeanne, Katelyn A. Kirchner, Matthew E. McKenzie, Edgar D. Zanotto, John C. Mauro
Summary: This study introduces an energy landscape method to study the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of nucleation. The method shows good agreement with experimental data and provides insights into the fundamental physics of classical nucleation theory.
Review
Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
Ming-zi Wang, Wei Guo, Shu-lin Lu, Shu-sen Wu
Summary: Recent research has shown that metallic glasses can be rejuvenated to a more metastable energy state, leading to improved plasticity. This paper discusses the concept of ageing and rejuvenation of metallic glasses, presents various rejuvenation methods and their pros and cons, and investigates the effects of deep cryogenic cycling method on the properties of metallic glasses. The study summarizes the impact of treatment parameters on the degree of rejuvenation and the effects of rejuvenation on the mechanical and magnetic properties of metallic glasses, while also highlighting important questions for further research.
TRANSACTIONS OF NONFERROUS METALS SOCIETY OF CHINA
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Y. H. Meng, S. Y. Zhang, W. H. Zhou, J. H. Yao, S. N. Liu, S. Lan, Y. Li
Summary: Structural relaxation and subsequent rejuvenation through thermal treatment can improve the plasticity and fracture toughness of metallic glasses. The recovery of loosely packed regions in the atomic structure during annealing contributes to the observed rejuvenation. Tailoring the mechanical properties of metallic glasses can be achieved by controlling the annealing and thermal treatment conditions.
Article
Polymer Science
Gaopeng Shi, Yuanbiao Liu, Guozhang Wu
Summary: This study successfully designed polymeric materials with low dynamic fragility but high glass transition temperature by introducing ionic coordination, and investigated the influence of coordination strength on T-g and m. Experimental results showed that increasing coordination strength led to higher T-g and lower m, with enthalpy change playing a significant role in m.
Article
Polymer Science
Gaopeng Shi, Yuanbiao Liu, Guozhang Wu
Summary: This study proposes the design of polymeric materials with low m but high T-g by introducing ionic coordination. The results show that T-g increases with the addition of metallic ions, while m varies depending on the coordination strength. Additionally, the experiments reveal a close correlation between m and Delta C-p and Delta H-R.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Florian Pabst, Zaneta Wojnarowska, Marian Paluch, Thomas Blochowicz
Summary: The study used dielectric spectroscopy to monitor the dynamic processes of five supercooled ionic liquids with octyl-chains at ambient and high pressures, revealing a close connection between the ion hopping process and the glass transition step, while tentatively attributing the second process to dipolar reorientations. The dielectric strength of this slow process decreases as the relaxation time increases, suggesting a possible connection to decreasing temperatures and increasing pressures. Comparison with literature data of other ion conducting systems is used to discuss the microscopic origin of these behaviors.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2021)
Article
Polymer Science
Ran Xiao, Guozhang Wu, Yu Lin
Summary: The accurate characterization of the interfacial layer is essential for understanding the structure-property relationship in polymer nanocomposites (PNCs). In this study, enthalpy relaxation and interfacial layer properties of model PNCs with attractive interactions were investigated using temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC) and broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS). Enthalpy relaxation accurately quantified the volume fraction of the interfacial layer, which was consistent with the results from BDS. The parameter (chiint) related to the contribution of the interfacial layer showed similar dependence on nanoparticle loading as the volume fraction estimated from TMDSC. This correlation between enthalpy and dielectric relaxation provides a new approach to characterize the interfacial layer properties and understand the impact on the glass transition behavior in PNCs.
Article
Polymer Science
Noriko Onoda-Yamamuro, Hiroaki Minato, Eiji Nakayama, Norio Murase
Summary: Water in a crosslinked dextran gel, Sephadex(R) G25, undergoes ice crystallization during rewarming, but the mechanism of this process is unclear. Thermal behavior at low temperatures was investigated to understand the frozen state of water in the gel. It was found that the ice crystallization during rewarming depends on the cooling rate and the presence of small ice crystals.
Article
Optics
Hang Zhao, Yong Tan, Rui Zhang, Yuejin Zhao, Cunlin Zhang, Xi-Cheng Zhang, Liangliang Zhang
Summary: The terahertz Kerr effect (TICE) spectroscopy was used to study low-frequency molecular motions in pure ethanol and ethanol-water mixtures. It was found that the relative molecular contribution of ethanol in the mixture changes nonlinearly with increasing water molecules, indicating a complex structural perturbation of the ethanol hydrogen bond network. This work offers a new perspective for investigating hydrogen bond network structure and dynamics in aqueous amphiphilic solutions.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Guido Rolandelli, Abel Eduardo Farroni, Maria del Pilar Buera
Summary: The interactions between corn and quinoa flours and water were evaluated using H-1 NMR, DSC, and water sorption isotherms. Quinoa flour exhibited higher lipid content compared to corn flour, resulting in reduced hygroscopicity and T-g values. Overall, H-1 NMR was efficient in analyzing proton populations, understanding temperature-induced distribution changes, and interpreting glass transition and enthalpy relaxations in the two types of flours.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Y. J. Duan, J. C. Qiao, T. Wada, H. Kato, E. Pineda, D. Crespo, Yun-Jiang Wang
Summary: The viscoelastic properties of Pd20Pt20Cu20Ni20P20 high-entropy metallic glass were investigated using dynamic mechanical spectroscopy and stress relaxation, with a linear relaxation model developed to describe the stress relaxation process. The activation energy spectra at various temperatures revealed changes in deformation units during stress relaxation, influenced by the interplay between stress and temperature. This study decomposed the hierarchical dynamics due to structural heterogeneity, allowing for a better understanding of viscoelastic deformation in high-entropy metallic glasses.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Mechanics
Jiangming Zhao, Ross J. Stewart, Naveen Prakash, Jason T. Harris, Jared Aaldenberg, Florin Bobaru
Summary: In this study, a novel multiphysics model for subcritical crack growth in glass is introduced, which considers water-assisted stress relaxation, stress-dependent chemical reaction, water diffusion, and reaction-driven slow crack growth. By using a displacement-loaded double beam with a pre-crack, the model successfully reproduces the typical patterns in experiments. This model will improve our understanding of fundamental mechanisms and enable predictions for subcritical crack growth in glass.
ENGINEERING FRACTURE MECHANICS
(2023)
Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Maziar Montazerian, Matthew Mancini, John C. Mauro
Summary: Nucleation is of great interest to scientists and engineers. The early studies faced limitations in experimental tools, but advanced techniques and modeling approaches provide critical insight. This paper reviews state-of-the-art solutions and proposes further impactful research in this field.
CRITICAL REVIEWS IN SOLID STATE AND MATERIALS SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Guglielmo Macrelli, Arun K. Varshneya, John C. Mauro
Summary: This study investigates the effects of post-ion exchange thermal treatment on the concentration profile, residual stress, and final strength of ion-exchanged glass. A new general solution of the diffusion problem is presented, and results indicate that thermal treatment may have detrimental consequences on the strength of the glass.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED GLASS SCIENCE
(2023)
Editorial Material
Materials Science, Ceramics
John C. Mauro
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Nicholas L. Clark, Shih-Yi Chuang, John C. Mauro
Summary: The study investigates the impact of microstructure on hardness in phase-separated calcium aluminosilicate glasses. Hardness changes are governed by microstructural deformations during indentation. Phase separation leads to decreased hardness due to incongruent yielding of droplet and matrix phases. Microstructures with dilute, spherical droplets have minimal impact on hardness, whereas microstructures with concentrated, acicular droplets deform through droplet coalescence, resulting in improved hardness.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Linfeng Ding, Ranran Lu, Lianjun Wang, Qiuju Zheng, John C. C. Mauro, Zhen Zhang
Summary: Using large-scale molecular dynamics simulations, the response of a sodium silicate glass under shape contact load is investigated. Both the short- and intermediate-range structures undergo notable changes below the indent, indicating a more disordered and heterogeneous network structure. The indentation-induced changes of local properties exhibit an exponential decaying behavior with increasing distance from the indent.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Aubrey L. Fry, Andrew L. Ogrinc, Seong H. Kim, John C. Mauro
Summary: This study investigates the effect of modifier field strength (FS) on the elastic-plastic responses of aluminoborosilicate (ABS) glasses. Six different network modifier compositions were created to cover a range of cation FS. The results show that the modifier FS has a significant impact on the mechanical and physical properties of ABS glasses, including elastic moduli, Poisson's ratio, indentation size effect, and bow-in parameter.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Aubrey L. Fry, Andrew L. Ogrinc, Seong H. Kim, John C. Mauro
Summary: The field strength effect of different network modifiers on the elastoplastic properties of aluminoborosilicate glasses was investigated through a volumetric recovery study. This research, along with Part I, examined the relationship between hardness, crack resistance, and other physical properties with glass elasticity. The results showed that the elastic volume fraction decreased with field strength for both alkali and alkaline earth glasses. The Poisson's ratio did not exhibit a trend with pile-up or shear flow volume fraction. The elastic-to-plastic deformation ratio increased with applied load and decreased with modifier field strength for both alkali and alkaline earth glasses, and an increase in plasticity correlated with increased hardness, crack resistance, and elastic moduli.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Rebecca S. Welch, Edgar D. Zanotto, Collin J. Wilkinson, Daniel R. Cassar, Maziar Montazerian, John C. Mauro
Summary: The Kauzmann paradox and the Kauzmann temperature have been widely debated topics in the field of glass science for the past eighty years. This review provides a retrospective on the origin of these hypotheses and their study through energy landscapes, crystallization behavior, and viscosity models. After nearly eighty years of research, there is no conclusive evidence that supports the concepts proposed by Kauzmann, suggesting that future work should be focused elsewhere.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Qi Zhang, Rasmus Christensen, Mikkel L. Bodker, Tao Du, Theany To, Francisco Munoz, Mathieu Bauchy, Morten M. Smedskjaer
Summary: The relationship between the microstructure, mechanical properties, and transparency of Na2O-P2O5-SiO2 glass-ceramics was investigated. The mechanical properties were determined by the crystal type, content, size, and remaining glass-matrix structure. Changes in crystallization behavior and crystal size had opposite effects on crack resistance and fracture toughness. The glass-ceramic samples exhibited high transmittance and a maximum fracture toughness of 1.1MPam(0.5).
PHYSICAL REVIEW MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yongbao Xiao, Tao Du, Soren S. Sorensen, Zhimin Chen, Christophe A. N. Biscio, Lisbeth Fajstrup, Mathieu Bauchy, Morten M. Smedskjaer
Summary: The medium-range order (MRO) structure of zinc phosphate glasses is studied using persistent homology (PH) method, and the contributions of different ring structures to the structure factor are decomposed.
PHYSICAL REVIEW MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Qi Zhang, Daming Sun, Tao Du, Lars R. Jensen, Deyong Wang, Vladimir Popok, Randall E. Youngman, Morten M. Smedskjaer
Summary: In this work, a Nb-doped barium aluminoborate glass-ceramic is reported, for which both the crack initiation resistance and fracture toughness are improved upon heat treatment, while still maintaining some transparency. It is found that the decrease of coordination numbers of B and Al in the glass phase upon heat treatment contributes to the improvement of the crack initiation resistance. The formed piezoelectric crystal phase BaNb2O6 also helps to improve both crack initiation resistance and fracture toughness by converting stress-induced mechanical energy into electric energy. Meanwhile, the increase in crystallinity and crystal size after heat treatment leads to higher fracture toughness of the glass-ceramics.
APPLIED MATERIALS TODAY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Tao Du, Zhimin Chen, Han Liu, Qi Zhang, Mathieu Bauchy, Yuanzheng Yue, Morten M. Smedskjaer
Summary: This study utilizes molecular dynamics simulations and machine learning techniques to reveal the encoding of fracture behavior and ionic conduction in glassy lithium borophosphate electrolytes within their static structures. The softness metric is identified as an indicator for both fracture resistance and ionic conductivity, as the propensities for bond-switching of boron atoms and migration of lithium ions increase with atomic softness. The out-of-equilibrium interaction of boron and lithium with oxygen neighbors enhances their propensity for bond-switching or rearrangement when experiencing stimuli. These findings enable the discovery of optimum chemical compositions for glassy solid electrolytes with high mechanical stability and high ionic conductivity.
MATERIALS TODAY ENERGY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Han Liu, Zijie Huang, Samuel S. Schoenholz, Ekin D. Cubuk, Morten M. Smedskjaer, Yizhou Sun, Wei Wang, Mathieu Bauchy
Summary: Based on graph neural network (GNN), an observation-based graph network (OGN) framework is introduced to simulate complex glass dynamics solely from their static structure, bypassing all physics laws. By applying OGN to molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, successful prediction of atom trajectories evolving up to a few hundred timesteps is achieved, implying that atom dynamics in disordered phases is largely encoded in their static structure, and exploring the potential generality of OGN simulations for many-body dynamics.
MATERIALS HORIZONS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
S. S. Sorensen, M. M. Smedskjaer, M. Micoulaut
Summary: Classical molecular dynamics is employed to investigate the dynamics of alkali ions in Na2S-SiS2 glass, a potential fast ion conductor. The research finds that the diffusion in such thiosilicates exhibits similar features to alkali silicates, including channel-like diffusion and Arrhenius behavior. However, the dynamics show significant heterogeneity, with fast and slow Na ion motion observed both in the high-temperature liquid and in the glassy state.
JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Rebecca S. Welch, Tyler C. Salrin, Tyler Greiner, Caio Barca Bragatto, John C. Mauro
Summary: Previous research has shown discrepancies in the reported structure of alkaline earth aluminosilicate glasses using molecular dynamics simulations and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. This study analyzes the formation of triple-bonded oxygens (TBO) and five-coordinated aluminum units (Al[5]) with different compositions in the magnesium aluminosilicate system. The results indicate that both TBO and Al[5] are prevalent in certain compositions, and the calculated Al[5] fraction is within the experimental variation found in the literature. Therefore, classical potentials can accurately capture alumina environments, and TBOs are inherent to the aluminosilicate glass system.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Xiaoyu Shi, Jian Zhang, Xia Jiang, Juan Chen, Wei Hao, Bo Wang
Summary: This study presents a novel framework using offline reinforcement learning to improve energy consumption in road transportation. By leveraging real-world human driving trajectories, the proposed method achieves significant improvements in energy consumption. The offline learning approach demonstrates generalizability across different scenarios.
PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Junhyuk Woo, Soon Ho Kim, Hyeongmo Kim, Kyungreem Han
Summary: Reservoir computing (RC) is a new machine-learning framework that uses an abstract neural network model to process information from complex dynamical systems. This study investigates the neuronal and network dynamics of liquid state machines (LSMs) using numerical simulations and classification tasks. The findings suggest that the computational performance of LSMs is closely related to the dynamic range, with a larger dynamic range resulting in higher performance.
PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Yuwei Yang, Zhuoxuan Li, Jun Chen, Zhiyuan Liu, Jinde Cao
Summary: This paper proposes an extreme learning machine (ELM) algorithm based on residual correction and Tent chaos sequence (TRELM-DROP) for accurate prediction of traffic flow. The algorithm reduces the impact of randomness in traffic flow through the Tent chaos strategy and residual correction method, and avoids weight optimization using the iterative method. A DROP strategy is introduced to improve the algorithm's ability to predict traffic flow under varying conditions.
PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Chengwei Dong, Min Yang, Lian Jia, Zirun Li
Summary: This work presents a novel three-dimensional system with multiple types of coexisting attractors, and investigates its dynamics using various methods. The mechanism of chaos emergence is explored, and the periodic orbits in the system are studied using the variational method. A symbolic coding method is successfully established to classify the short cycles. The flexibility and validity of the system are demonstrated through analogous circuit implementation. Various chaos-based applications are also presented to show the system's feasibility.
PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Viorel Badescu
Summary: This article discusses the maximum work extraction from confined particles energy, considering both reversible and irreversible processes. The results vary for different types of particles and conditions. The concept of exergy cannot be defined for particles that undergo spontaneous creation and annihilation. It is also noted that the Carnot efficiency is not applicable to the conversion of confined thermal radiation into work.
PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
P. M. Centres, D. J. Perez-Morelo, R. Guzman, L. Reinaudi, M. C. Gimenez
Summary: In this study, a phenomenological investigation of epidemic spread was conducted using a model of agent diffusion over a square region based on the SIR model. Two possible contagion mechanisms were considered, and it was observed that the number of secondary infections produced by an individual during its infectious period depended on various factors.
PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Zuan Jin, Minghui Ma, Shidong Liang, Hongguang Yao
Summary: This study proposes a differential variable speed limit (DVSL) control strategy considering lane assignment, which sets dynamic speed limits for each lane to attract vehicle lane-changing behaviors before the bottleneck and reduce the impact of traffic capacity drop. Experimental results show that the proposed DVSL control strategy can alleviate traffic congestion and improve efficiency.
PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Matthew Dicks, Andrew Paskaramoorthy, Tim Gebbie
Summary: In this study, we investigate the learning dynamics of a single reinforcement learning optimal execution trading agent when it interacts with an event-driven agent-based financial market model. The results show that the agents with smaller state spaces converge faster and are able to intuitively learn to trade using spread and volume states. The introduction of the learning agent has a robust impact on the moments of the model, except for the Hurst exponent, which decreases, and it can increase the micro-price volatility as trading volumes increase.
PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Zhouzhou Yao, Xianyu Wu, Yang Yang, Ning Li
Summary: This paper developed a cooperative lane-changing decision system based on digital technology and indirect reciprocity. By introducing image scoring and a Q-learning based reinforcement learning algorithm, drivers can continuously evaluate gains and adjust their strategies. The study shows that this decision system can improve driver cooperation and traffic efficiency, achieving over 50% cooperation probability under any connected vehicles penetration and traffic density, and reaching 100% cooperation probability under high penetration and medium to high traffic density.
PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Josephine Nanyondo, Henry Kasumba
Summary: This paper presents a multi-class Aw-Rascle (AR) model with area occupancy expressed in terms of vehicle class proportions. The qualitative properties of the proposed equilibrium velocity and the stability conditions of the model are established. The numerical results show the effect of proportional densities on the flow of vehicle classes, indicating the realism of the proposed model.
PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Oliver Smirnov
Summary: This study proposes a new method for simultaneously estimating the parameters of the 2D Ising model. The method solves a constrained optimization problem, where the objective function is a pseudo-log-likelihood and the constraint is the Hamiltonian of the external field. Monte Carlo simulations were conducted using models of different shapes and sizes to evaluate the performance of the method with and without the Hamiltonian constraint. The results demonstrate that the proposed estimation method yields lower variance across all model shapes and sizes compared to a simple pseudo-maximum likelihood.
PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Przemyslaw Chelminiak
Summary: The study investigates the first-passage properties of a non-linear diffusion equation with diffusivity dependent on the concentration/probability density through a power-law relationship. The survival probability and first-passage time distribution are determined based on the power-law exponent, and both exact and approximate expressions are derived, along with their asymptotic representations. The results pertain to diffusing particles that are either freely or harmonically trapped. The mean first-passage time is finite for the harmonically trapped particle, while it is divergent for the freely diffusing particle.
PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Hidemaro Suwa
Summary: The choice of transition kernel is crucial for the performance of the Markov chain Monte Carlo method. A one-parameter rejection control transition kernel is proposed, and it is shown that the rejection process plays a significant role in determining the sampling efficiency.
PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Xudong Wang, Yao Chen
Summary: This article investigates the joint influence of expanding medium and constant force on particle diffusion. By starting from the Langevin picture and introducing the effect of external force in two different ways, two models with different force terms are obtained. Detailed analysis and derivation yield the Fokker-Planck equations and moments for the two models. The sustained force behaves as a decoupled force, while the intermittent force changes the diffusion behavior with specific effects depending on the expanding rate of the medium.
PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
(2024)
