期刊
PEDIATRICS INTERNATIONAL
卷 51, 期 6, 页码 821-824出版社
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200X.2009.02864.x
关键词
cytokines; human milk; maternal smoking; pregnancy; tumor necrosis factor-alpha
类别
Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on human milk interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 levels at the postpartum seventh day. Methods: Forty-four mothers (age range: 21-34 years) were enrolled in the study. Mothers were interviewed and classified according to their smoking status into one of two groups: the smoking mothers (n = 21) and the nonsmoking mothers (n = 23). Results: There were no significant differences between study groups with respect to human milk interleukin-1 beta (P = 0.12) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 levels (P = 0.83). However, TNF-alpha levels were found to be significantly lower in the smoking mothers compared with the controls (P = 0.002). Conclusion: This study shows that maternal smoking during pregnancy affects the levels of TNF-alpha in milk. The protective effect of human milk against infections seems to be impaired in smoking mothers.
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