Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Jingjing Zhang, Jianan Qian, Wei Zhang, Xianfen Chen
Summary: Recent studies have found that RIPK3 plays a significant role in mediating myocardial necroptosis through CaMK II phosphorylation and oxidation. Inhibition of CaMK II activity can effectively reduce RIPK3-mediated necroptosis. Necroptosis has been shown to be important in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Selective inhibitor GSK '872 of RIPK3 can effectively inhibit the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases and reverse cardiac dysfunction caused by RIPK3 overexpression.
BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACOTHERAPY
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Michael Aschner, Thuy T. Nguyen, Anton I. Sinitskii, Abel Santamaria, Julia Bornhorst, Olga P. Ajsuvakova, Joao Batista Texeira da Rocha, Anatoly V. Skalny, Alexey A. Tinkov
Summary: The study reviews the biological effects of isoLG and isoLG adducts in various diseases, suggesting their potential as targets for the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases.
FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE
(2021)
Review
Food Science & Technology
Cristina Torres-Fuentes, Manuel Suarez, Gerard Aragones, Miquel Mulero, Javier Avila-Roman, Anna Arola-Arnal, Maria Josepa Salvado, Lluis Arola, Francisca Isabel Bravo, Begona Muguerza
Summary: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of deaths worldwide, and the risk factors of CVD are influenced by biological rhythms. Phenolic compounds have potential cardioprotective properties, but their effects are influenced by administration time and photoperiod.
MOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH
(2022)
Review
Cell Biology
Anna Maria Fratta Pasini, Chiara Stranieri, Fabiana Busti, Edoardo Giuseppe Di Leo, Domenico Girelli, Luciano Cominacini
Summary: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of disease burden and death globally. Ferroptosis, characterized by altered iron metabolism and increased lipid peroxidation, has been found to play a key role in the pathogenesis of CVDs such as ischemic heart disease and cardiomyopathies. This article reviews the molecular mechanism of ferroptosis and its involvement in ischemic heart disease and cardiomyopathies, and suggests that understanding the regulation of ferroptosis in vascular and cardiac cells may lead to new strategies for preventing and treating CVDs.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Iwona Swiatkiewicz, Marcin Wroblewski, Jaroslaw Nuszkiewicz, Pawel Sutkowy, Joanna Wroblewska, Alina Wozniak
Summary: Cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs), including cardiovascular disease (CVD), metabolic syndrome (MetS), and type 2 diabetes (T2D), have been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The imbalances in oxidant-antioxidant levels are largely responsible for the development and outcomes of CMDs. Understanding the relationship between adiposity, oxidative stress, and cardiometabolic risks can help identify new strategies for reducing the burden of CMDs.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Review
Biology
Carmine Izzo, Paolo Vitillo, Paola Di Pietro, Valeria Visco, Andrea Strianese, Nicola Virtuoso, Michele Ciccarelli, Gennaro Galasso, Albino Carrizzo, Carmine Vecchione
Summary: Oxidative stress is a key factor in aging and age-related diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases. Aging is a primary risk factor for many diseases, with cardiovascular diseases being a major concern. The focus of research is on the role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular aging and diseases.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yan Zhou, Dharmani Devi Murugan, Haroon Khan, Yu Huang, Wai San Cheang
Summary: ER stress is closely associated with the pathogenesis of diabetes and obesity, with excess nutrients and inflammatory cytokines as triggers. It not only induces endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis, but also contributes to oxidative stress.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Luna Jimenez-Castilla, Lucas Opazo-Rios, Gema Marin-Royo, Macarena Orejudo, Raquel Rodrigues-Diez, Constanza Ballesteros-Martinez, Manuel Soto-Catalan, Teresa Caro-Ordieres, Ines Artaiz, Tatiana Suarez-Cortes, Arturo Zazpe, Gonzalo Hernandez, Marcelino Cortes, Jose Tunon, Ana M. Briones, Jesus Egido, Carmen Gomez-Guerrero
Summary: This study investigates the vasculoprotective effects of the synthetic flavonoid hidrosmin on endothelial dysfunction and atherogenesis in two mouse models of diabetes. The results suggest that hidrosmin can improve vascular function, reduce atherosclerotic plaque size and lipid content, and decrease inflammation and oxidative stress.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yunxia Liu, Meina Li, Xiaoyu Du, Zhehao Huang, Nanhu Quan
Summary: This review discusses the impact of Sestrin 2 on redox signaling and its role in various cardiovascular diseases. The authors speculate that Sestrin 2 may play an important role in cardiovascular diseases by stimulating antioxidation processes and promoting cell adaptation to stress conditions and the environment, suggesting potential therapeutic strategies.
FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Biology
Ilenia Martinelli, Daniele Tomassoni, Vincenzo Bellitto, Proshanta Roy, Maria Vittoria Micioni Di Bonaventura, Francesco Amenta, Consuelo Amantini, Carlo Cifani, Seyed Khosrow Tayebati
Summary: Obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, often associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. Dietary intake of antioxidant compounds, such as those found in tart cherries, can improve heart health. This study assessed the effects of daily supplementation of tart cherries, including both seeds and juice, on obese rats. The results showed that tart cherries reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in the hearts of obese rats, suggesting that they may be beneficial in preventing cardiovascular diseases related to obesity.
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Richa Garg, Anand P. Gupta, Roshan Katekar, Saurabh Verma, Umesh K. Goand, Shailesh Dadge, Jiaur R. Gayen
Summary: In this study, it was found that PSTi8 effectively ameliorates FFA-induced hepatic insulin resistance by reducing ROS generation, enhancing insulin sensitivity, and inhibiting JNK signaling.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Sha Zhao, Chak Kwong Cheng, Cheng-Lin Zhang, Yu Huang
Summary: This review discusses the important role and interactions between oxidative stress, COXs, and prostanoids in cardiovascular diseases, highlighting recent advances in drug research and future directions for further studies.
ANTIOXIDANTS & REDOX SIGNALING
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Stefano Masi, Samuele Ambrosini, Shafeeq A. Mohammed, Sebastiano Sciarretta, Thomas F. Luescher, Francesco Paneni, Sarah Costantino
Summary: The prevalence of obesity and cardiometabolic phenotypes is increasing globally, with epigenetic modifications emerging as a key regulator of gene transcription in vascular diseases. Deciphering the vascular epigenome is challenging but crucial for developing targeted therapies for obesity-related conditions.
ANTIOXIDANTS & REDOX SIGNALING
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Muhamad Adib Abdul Ghani, Azizah Ugusman, Jalifah Latip, Satirah Zainalabidin
Summary: One out of every three deaths worldwide is attributed to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), resulting in an estimated 17.9 million deaths annually. This number is expected to rise to over 24 million by 2030. Common CVDs include coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, and hypertension. Studies have shown that inflammation and apoptosis contribute to CVD development by damaging tissues in the cardiovascular system. Terpenophenolic compounds, found in plants such as Humulus and Cannabis, have been shown to exhibit protective properties against inflammation and apoptosis in the cardiovascular system. This review discusses the molecular actions of specific terpenophenolic compounds and their potential as nutraceutical drugs to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disorders.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Review
Food Science & Technology
Fatemeh Hajizadeh-Sharafabad, Elham Sharifi Zahabi
Summary: This systematic review summarized the findings from human intervention studies on the effect of ALA on vascular function. It found that ALA may improve endothelial function by increasing the bioavailability of endothelium-derived nitric oxide, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, while the impact on endothelium-independent vasodilation is limited.
CRITICAL REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Mariasole Perrone, Simone Patergnani, Tommaso Di Mambro, Laura Palumbo, Mariusz R. Wieckowski, Carlotta Giorgi, Paolo Pinton
Summary: Maintenance of mitochondrial quality is crucial for cellular homeostasis. Mitophagy, the selective elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria, plays a significant role in various diseases, including carcinogenesis, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular pathologies. The relationship between calcium homeostasis and mitophagy is still a topic of debate.
ANTIOXIDANTS & REDOX SIGNALING
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Sonia Missiroli, Mariasole Perrone, Roberta Gafa, Francesco Nicoli, Massimo Bonora, Giampaolo Morciano, Caterina Boncompagni, Saverio Marchi, Magdalena Lebiedzinska-Arciszewska, Bianca Vezzani, Giovanni Lanza, Franz Kricek, Alessandro Borghi, Francesco Fiorica, Keisuke Ito, Mariusz R. Wieckowski, Francesco Di Virgilio, Luigi Abelli, Paolo Pinton, Carlotta Giorgi
Summary: Uncontrolled inflammatory response from the tumor microenvironment significantly contributes to cancer progression. A trimeric complex at the mitochondria-associated membranes, involving P2X7 receptor-NLRP3 inflammasome interaction, is regulated by the tumor suppressor PML. Downregulation of PML leads to an exacerbated immune response and boosted tumor growth. Mislocalization of PML results in uncontrolled NLRP3 activation and cytokine production, fueling cancer development and worsening prognosis in various human cancers. Mechanistic insights into the PML-P2X7R-NLRP3 axis provide new opportunities for targeted therapeutic approaches in human carcinogenesis.
CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Valentino Bezzerri, Valentina Gentili, Martina Api, Alessia Finotti, Chiara Papi, Anna Tamanini, Christian Boni, Elena Baldisseri, Debora Olioso, Martina Duca, Erika Tedesco, Sara Leo, Monica Borgatti, Sonia Volpi, Paolo Pinton, Giulio Cabrini, Roberto Gambari, Francesco Blasi, Giuseppe Lippi, Alessandro Rimessi, Roberta Rizzo, Marco Cipolli
Summary: As an inherited disorder characterized by severe pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis could be considered a comorbidity for coronavirus disease 2019. However, current clinical evidence suggests that cystic fibrosis may actually protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection. The expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptors in primary airway epithelial cells is regulated by the CFTR channel, and dysfunctional CFTR channels in cystic fibrosis cells result in reduced viral entry and replication.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ilio Vitale, Federico Pietrocola, Emma Guilbaud, Stuart A. Aaronson, John M. Abrams, Dieter Adam, Massimiliano Agostini, Patrizia Agostinis, Emad S. Alnemri, Lucia Altucci, Ivano Amelio, David W. Andrews, Rami Aqeilan, Eli Arama, Eric H. Baehrecke, Siddharth Balachandran, Daniele Bano, Nickolai A. Barlev, Jiri Bartek, Nicolas G. Bazan, Christoph Becker, Francesca Bernassola, Mathieu J. M. Bertrand, Marco E. Bianchi, Mikhail V. Blagosklonny, J. Magarian Blander, Giovanni Blandino, Klas Blomgren, Christoph Borner, Carl D. Bortner, Pierluigi Bove, Patricia Boya, Catherine Brenner, Petr Broz, Thomas Brunner, Rune Busk Damgaard, George A. Calin, Michelangelo Campanella, Eleonora Candi, Michele Carbone, Didac Carmona-Gutierrez, Francesco Cecconi, Francis K-M Chan, Guo-Qiang Chen, Quan Chen, Youhai H. Chen, Emily H. Cheng, Jerry E. Chipuk, John A. Cidlowski, Aaron Ciechanover, Gennaro Ciliberto, Marcus Conrad, Juan R. Cubillos-Ruiz, Peter E. Czabotar, Vincenzo D'Angiolella, Mads Daugaard, Ted M. Dawson, Valina L. Dawson, Ruggero De Maria, Bart De Strooper, Klaus-Michael Debatin, Ralph J. Deberardinis, Alexei Degterev, Giannino Del Sal, Mohanish Deshmukh, Francesco Di Virgilio, Marc Diederich, Scott J. Dixon, Brian D. Dynlacht, Wafik S. El-Deiry, John W. Elrod, Kurt Engeland, Gian Maria Fimia, Claudia Galassi, Carlo Ganini, Ana J. Garcia-Saez, Abhishek D. Garg, Carmen Garrido, Evripidis Gavathiotis, Motti Gerlic, Sourav Ghosh, Douglas R. Green, Lloyd A. Greene, Hinrich Gronemeyer, Georg Haecker, Gyorgy Hajnoczky, J. Marie Hardwick, Ygal Haupt, Sudan He, David M. Heery, Michael O. Hengartner, Claudio Hetz, David A. Hildeman, Hidenori Ichijo, Satoshi Inoue, Marja Jaeaettelae, Ana Janic, Bertrand Joseph, Philipp J. Jost, Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti, Michael Karin, Hamid Kashkar, Thomas Kaufmann, Gemma L. Kelly, Oliver Kepp, Adi Kimchi, Richard N. Kitsis, Daniel J. Klionsky, Ruth Kluck, Dmitri Krysko, Dagmar Kulms, Sharad Kumar, Sergio Lavandero, Inna N. Lavrik, John J. Lemasters, Gianmaria Liccardi, Andreas Linkermann, Stuart A. Lipton, Richard A. Lockshin, Carlos Lopez-Otin, Tom Luedde, Marion MacFarlane, Frank Madeo, Walter Malorni, Gwenola Manic, Roberto Mantovani, Saverio Marchi, Jean-Christophe Marine, Seamus J. Martin, Jean-Claude Martinou, Pier G. Mastroberardino, Jan Paul Medema, Patrick Mehlen, Pascal Meier, Gerry Melino, Sonia Melino, Edward A. Miao, Ute M. Moll, Cristina Munoz-Pinedo, Daniel J. Murphy, Maria Victoria Niklison-Chirou, Flavia Novelli, Gabriel Nunez, Andrew Oberst, Dimitry Ofengeim, Joseph T. Opferman, Moshe Oren, Michele Pagano, Theocharis Panaretakis, Manolis Pasparakis, Josef M. Penninger, Francesca Pentimalli, David M. Pereira, Shazib Pervaiz, Marcus E. Peter, Paolo Pinton, Giovanni Porta, Jochen H. M. Prehn, Hamsa Puthalakath, Gabriel A. Rabinovich, Krishnaraj Rajalingam, Kodi S. Ravichandran, Markus Rehm, Jean-Ehrland Ricci, Rosario Rizzuto, Nirmal Robinson, Cecilia M. P. Rodrigues, Barak Rotblat, Carla Rothlin, David C. Rubinsztein, Thomas Rudel, Alessandro Rufini, Kevin M. Ryan, Kristopher A. Sarosiek, Akira Sawa, Emre Sayan, Kate Schroder, Luca Scorrano, Federico Sesti, Feng Shao, Yufang Shi, Giuseppe S. Sica, John Silke, Hans-Uwe Simon, Antonella Sistigu, Anastasis Stephanou, Brent R. Stockwell, Flavie Strapazzon, Andreas Strasser, Liming Sun, Erwei Sun, Qiang Sun, Gyorgy Szabadkai, Stephen W. G. Tait, Daolin Tang, Nektarios Tavernarakis, Carol M. Troy, Boris Turk, Nicoletta Urbano, Peter Vandenabeele, Tom Vanden Berghe, Matthew G. Vander Heiden, Jacqueline L. Vanderluit, Alexei Verkhratsky, Andreas Villunger, Silvia von Karstedt, Anne K. Voss, Karen H. Vousden, Domagoj Vucic, Daniela Vuri, Erwin F. Wagner, Henning Walczak, David Wallach, Ruoning Wang, Ying Wang, Achim Weber, Will Wood, Takahiro Yamazaki, Huang-Tian Yang, Zahra Zakeri, Joanna E. Zawacka-Pankau, Lin Zhang, Haibing Zhang, Boris Zhivotovsky, Wenzhao Zhou, Mauro Piacentini, Guido Kroemer, Lorenzo Galluzzi
Summary: Apoptosis is a regulated cell death process involving caspase family proteases. Inhibiting or delaying apoptosis experimentally through pharmacological and genetic strategies has demonstrated its importance in embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, and the pathogenesis of various human disorders. Defects in apoptotic cell death machinery impair development and promote oncogenesis, while inappropriate activation of apoptosis contributes to cell loss and tissue damage in neurological, cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, infectious, neoplastic, and inflammatory conditions.
CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Gaia Pedriali, Daniela Ramaccini, Esmaa Bouhamida, Alessio Branchini, Giulia Turrin, Elisabetta Tonet, Antonella Scala, Simone Patergnani, Mirko Pinotti, Claudio Trapella, Carlotta Giorgi, Elena Tremoli, Gianluca Campo, Giampaolo Morciano, Paolo Pinton
Summary: The molecular composition and activity modulation of the permeability transition pore (PTP) have been extensively studied due to their importance in ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). The c subunit of ATP synthase (Csub) has been identified as one of the PTP-forming proteins and a target for cardioprotection. This study aims to identify equivalent residues in the human Csub sequence, validate their role in Oligomycin A-mediated PTP inhibition, and understand their relevance in the binding of 1,3,8-Triazaspiro[4.5]decane derivatives as potential inhibitors.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Tommaso Di Mambro, Giulia Pellielo, Esther Densu Agyapong, Marianna Carinci, Diego Chianese, Carlotta Giorgi, Giampaolo Morciano, Simone Patergnani, Paolo Pinton, Alessandro Rimessi
Summary: Mitochondria are essential for energy production and play important roles in various cell processes. They communicate with other organelles and cells through the release of mtDAMPs and interact with extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs have emerged as important mediators of inter-cellular communication and can transport mitochondria and mtDAMPs to modulate metabolic and inflammatory responses in recipient cells. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms and therapeutic potential of the relationship between EVs and mitochondria in inflammation.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Giampaolo Morciano, Caterina Boncompagni, Daniela Ramaccini, Gaia Pedriali, Esmaa Bouhamida, Elena Tremoli, Carlotta Giorgi, Paolo Pinton
Summary: The most common alterations affecting mitochondria in cardiac pathological conditions include impairments of the electron transport chain activity, leading to a decrease in energy formation and ATP generation, as well as increased ROS generation and inflammation. These alterations contribute to the impairment of cardiac electrical characteristics, loss of myocyte contractility, and cardiomyocyte damage. The dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics, which plays a role in maintaining mitochondrial fitness, is also observed in cardiac diseases. However, the translation and therapeutic applications of this knowledge are still in the early stages.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Maria Sofia Ciliento, Veronica Venturelli, Natale Schettini, Riccardo Bertola, Carlo Garaffoni, Giovanni Lanza, Roberta Gafa, Alessandro Borghi, Monica Corazza, Alen Zabotti, Sonia Missiroli, Caterina Boncompagni, Simone Patergnani, Mariasole Perrone, Carlotta Giorgi, Paolo Pinton, Marcello Govoni, Carlo Alberto Scire, Alessandra Bortoluzzi, Ettore Silvagni
Summary: The aim of this systematic literature review was to investigate the effects of b/tsDMARDs on the synovial membrane of PsA patients and identify biomarkers of response to therapy. A meta-analysis of 22 studies showed a significant reduction in CD3+ lymphocytes and CD68+ macrophages in synovial biopsies from patients treated with bDMARDs for 4-12 weeks. Reduction in CD3+ was correlated with clinical response. The most consistent finding in the literature was the reduction in CD3+/CD68+ sublining cells during the first 3 months of treatment with TNF inhibitors.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Cell Biology
Maria Livia Sassano, Alexander R. R. van Vliet, Ellen Vervoort, Sofie Van Eygen, Chris van den Haute, Benjamin Pavie, Joris Roels, Johannes V. V. Swinnen, Marco Spinazzi, Leen Moens, Kristina Casteels, Isabelle Meyts, Paolo Pinton, Saverio Marchi, Leila Rochin, Francesca Giordano, Blanca Felipe-Abrio, Patrizia Agostinis
Summary: ER-mitochondria appositions play a critical role in the transfer of ions and phospholipids between these organelles and impact mitochondrial bioenergetics. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in this process are not well understood. This study reveals that PERK acts as an adaptor to recruit the lipid transfer protein E-Syt1 at ER-mitochondria contact sites, enabling lipid transport and maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. These findings provide insights into the molecular components and functions of the lipid trafficking machinery at ER-mitochondria contact sites.
JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Medicinal
Valentina Albanese, Sonia Missiroli, Mariasole Perrone, Martina Fabbri, Caterina Boncompagni, Salvatore Pacifico, Tiziano De Ventura, Antonella Ciancetta, Giulio Dondio, Franz Kricek, Paolo Pinton, Remo Guerrini, Delia Preti, Carlotta Giorgi
Summary: A series of aryl sulfonamide derivatives (ASDs) were designed and synthesized to inhibit the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Compounds 6c, 7n, and 10 specifically inhibited NLRP3 activation at nanomolar concentrations without affecting the activation of other inflammasomes. These compounds were also found to reduce IL-1 beta production in vivo and attenuate melanoma tumor growth. The findings suggest that these potent NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors could be considered for future therapeutic approaches in NLRP3 inflammasome-driven cancer.
JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Cell Biology
Nada Dhaouadi, Veronica Angela Maria Vitto, Paolo Pinton, Lorenzo Galluzzi, Saverio Marchi
Summary: Multiple forms of regulated cell death (RCD) are associated with the activation of specific molecular mechanisms. Ca2+ ions can physically interact and regulate various components of the RCD machinery, leading to organellar dysfunction and increased sensitivity to cell death induced by other stressors.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Esmaa Bouhamida, Giampaolo Morciano, Gaia Pedriali, Daniela Ramaccini, Elena Tremoli, Carlotta Giorgi, Paolo Pinton, Simone Patergnani
Summary: Calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS) is a common cause of cardiovascular mortality, and its complex pathomechanisms are still being investigated. There is currently no effective treatment for CAVS, with surgical and transcatheter valve replacement being the only options. Hypoxia, inflammation, and mitochondrial impairments play significant roles in the development of CAVS. This review aims to explore the interplay between hypoxia signaling pathways, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation in CAVS pathogenesis, in order to better understand the molecular mechanisms and develop potential therapeutic approaches.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Review
Cell Biology
Gokhan Burcin Kubat, Esmaa Bouhamida, Oner Ulger, Ibrahim Turkel, Gaia Pedriali, Daniela Ramaccini, Ozgur Ekinci, Berkay Ozerklig, Ozbeyen Atalay, Simone Patergnani, Beyza Nur Sahin, Giampaolo Morciano, Meltem Tuncer, Elena Tremoli, Paolo Pinton
Summary: Skeletal muscle is a dynamic and plastic tissue that plays a vital role in movement, posture, and force production. It functions as an endocrine organ capable of producing and secreting bioactive molecules. Various pathological conditions can disrupt the balance between muscle protein synthesis and degradation, leading to skeletal muscle atrophy.
