Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Kun Zhang, Yang Wang, Wanhao Zhang, Zheng Hu, Bingchen Wei, Yihui Feng
Summary: The phase stability and crystallization behavior of ZrTiHfCuBeNi MG irradiated at high temperature were studied, revealing the random appearance and aggregation of nanocrystals at low fluences, formation of non-edge-on faulted dislocations between neighboring grains due to irradiation-induced stress, and delays in the first pop-in events post-irradiation attributed to structural rearrangement and nanocrystal precipitation.
JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
L. Mei, Q. Zhang, Y. Dou, E. G. Fu, L. Li, S. Chen, Y. Dong, X. Guo, X. He, W. Yang, Y. Xue, K. Jin
Summary: The microstructural and mechanical property changes induced by 6 MeV titanium ion irradiation are comparatively investigated between VTaTi and V. It is found that the aggregation of irradiation induced defect clusters is strongly suppressed in VTaTi compared to V, with much smaller defect size. Moreover, the loops in VTaTi are <100>-type while those in V are mainly 1/2<111>-type. Nanoindentation tests further demonstrate that VTaTi has significantly weaker irradiation hardening than V, indicating improved irradiation resistance.
SCRIPTA MATERIALIA
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Solene Comby-Dassonneville, Gabrielle Tiphene, Alejandro Borroto, Gaylord Guillonneau, Lucian Roiban, Guillaume Kermouche, Jean-Francois Pierson, Jean-Luc Loubet, Philippe Steyer
Summary: This study reports the use of a new high-temperature scanning indentation technique to monitor the physical changes in thin-film metallic glasses in situ during heat treatment. The mechanical evolution and physical evolutions of ZrCu TFMG were successfully characterized, including the metallic glass-to-supercooled liquid transition and crystallization process. The HTSI results showed excellent agreement with other analytical methods and provided key kinetic information on small-scale systems.
APPLIED MATERIALS TODAY
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Ondrej Petrus, Richard Sedlak, Tamas Csanadi, Annamaria Naughton-Duszova, Marek Vojtko, Pavol Hvizdos, Jan Dusza
Summary: The indentation load-size effect was studied in the hardness testing of high entropy carbides. The (Hf-Ta-Zr-Nb-Ti)C and (Mo-Nb-Ta-V-W)C high-entropy carbides were used with indentation loads ranging from 50 mN to 10 N. The load dependence of hardness was analyzed using different models, and the modified proportional specimen resistance model showed the best correlation with the measured values. This resulted in load-independent hardness values of 21.96 GPa and 14.81 GPa for (Hf-Ta-Zr-Nb-Ti)C, and 25.42 GPa and 14.13 GPa for (Mo-Nb-Ta-V-W)C, depending on the load range.
CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
S. Leila Panahi, Jordina Fornell, Catalin Popescu, Eloi Pineda, Jordi Sort, Pere Bruna
Summary: New high-entropy metallic glasses were produced by adding B and Si to the Fe25Co25Cr25Ni25 high entropy alloy, resulting in extremely hard materials through structural relaxation and nanocrystallization. The study explored the effects of composition and annealing treatments on structure and mechanical properties, finding that the relative amount of B and Si determines the main nanocrystalline phase and influences mechanical behavior.
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Le Fu, Bohan Wang, Yabin Zhu, Tielong Shen, Ying Deng, Guofu Xu, Jiwu Huang, Yucheng Feng, Liangting Sun, Wei Xia
Summary: Developing radiation-resistant materials and understanding structural damage caused by radiation are important goals for material scientists. In this study, ZrO2-SiO2 nanocrystalline glass-ceramics were irradiated with 1.4 MeV He ions at different fluences, and the resulting structural integrity and damage were investigated. The results showed that microstrain from the irradiation induced a phase transformation in the ZrO2 crystals, while the addition of yttrium stabilized the tetragonal-ZrO2 phase. Raman spectroscopy indicated changes in the electronic structure of the amorphous SiO2 component, and microscopy revealed the formation of microcracks and lattice defects as the main structural damage.
JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Mingming Cui, Hu Huang, Chao Wang, Yongfeng Qian, Lin Zhang, Zhiyu Zhang, Jiwang Yan
Summary: This study attempted to visualize the indentation induced sub-surface shear bands of metallic glasses (MGs) using nanosecond pulse laser irradiation. The experimental results demonstrated the successful visualization of these shear bands, while maintaining the amorphous characteristic of the laser irradiated surface. This provides a new approach for exploring the shear band characteristics of MGs under external loads.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Yang Zhang, Liyuan Liu, Jihong Han, Jijun Yang, Junhua Luan, Zengbao Jiao, Chain Tsuan Liu, Zhongwu Zhang
Summary: In this study, a high-strength low-alloy steel strengthened by nanoprecipitates was irradiated with high-energy Au2+ ions. The formation and coarsening of nanoprecipitates under irradiation were investigated. The results showed coprecipitation of Cu/Ni nanoprecipitates and the coarsening of these nanoprecipitates with increasing dose.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
B. L. Hackett, P. Sudharshan Phani, C. C. Walker, W. C. Oliver, G. M. Pharr
Summary: A new testing system and techniques have been developed to measure the hardness of materials at very high indentation strain rates. The system includes a laser interferometer that records indenter displacements at a frequency of 1.25 MHz, allowing for the determination of indentation load-depth curves and hardness. The system was used to study the behavior of fused silica and aluminum, showing that the hardness of fused silica is insensitive to strain rate, while the hardness of aluminum increases significantly at high strain rates.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
X. S. Wei, J. L. Jin, Z. Z. Jiang, D. D. Liang, J. Shen
Summary: The FeCrMoWCBY metallic glass showed excellent corrosion resistance in oxygen-saturated lead-bismuth eutectic at 500 degrees C. Adding the right amount of W element can enhance corrosion resistance, but excessive W can reduce it. The surface structure of the Fe-based metallic glass consists of an inner amorphous transition layer and an outer FeCr2O4 oxide nanocrystal layer, with the continuous amorphous layer acting as a diffusion barrier to prevent further corrosion.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Junhua Cao, Meng Gao, Yuanfei Cai, Jinlong Li, Ye Wang, Jun-Qiang Wang, Juntao Huo
Summary: In this study, an experimental combinatorial approach based on high-throughput sample preparation, nanoindentation platform, and EDS mapping was proposed to rapidly screen the mechanical properties of ZrNi-based metallic glasses. The mechanical properties, including elastic modulus, hardness, strength, and plastic deformation ability, were quickly characterized using nanoindentation. The composition ranges with optimal mechanical properties were identified separately.
Article
Nuclear Science & Technology
G. Kapoor, P. Chekhonin, C. Kaden, K. Vogel, F. Bergner
Summary: Hardening of Fe-9%Cr alloys exposed to irradiation with Fe2+ ions of two different energies is investigated using nanoindentation. The limited penetration depth of the ions causes steep damage gradients in the near-surface volumes of the irradiated samples, resulting in graded microstructures and depth-dependent irradiation hardening. The observed microstructures consist of dislocation loops with band-like distributions and are concluded to be the dominant source of the measured irradiation-induced hardening. Linear superposition is found to be the most appropriate selection under the present conditions for predicting the hardening contributions.
NUCLEAR MATERIALS AND ENERGY
(2022)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Silvia Pomes, Nozomu Adachi, Masato Wakeda, Takahito Ohmura
Summary: This study found a precursor phenomenon to incipient plasticity before the first serration in Zr50Cu40Al10 at% bulk metallic glass via nanoindentation testing.
SCRIPTA MATERIALIA
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Dandan Liang, Qiang Chen, Yinghao Zhou, Xiaodi Liu, Yuanfei Cai, Qiong Zhou, Biao Huang, Ergeng Zhang, Jun Shen
Summary: The microstructure, electrochemical responses, and passive film characteristics of FeCrMoWCBY bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) under Ar+ irradiation were studied. The BMGs maintained an amorphous structure and showed excellent corrosion resistance in 1 mol/l HCl solution at high irradiation fluence. With increasing irradiation fluence, crystal-like clusters and nanocrystals precipitated from the exterior amorphous matrix, leading to the destruction of passive films and a weakened anti-corrosion capacity. This finding facilitates the potential application of Fe-based BMGs under extreme nuclear-irradiated conditions.
JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Yuhang Zhang, Jianfei Xu, Yiqun Hu, Suhang Ding, Wenwang Wu, Re Xia
Summary: In this study, the mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of Cu50Zr50 open-cell metallic glass nanofoams (MGNFs) were investigated through virtual molecular dynamics simulations using nanoindentation and nanotribology techniques. It was found that the relationship between indentation modulus and relative density of MGNFs obeyed the classical Gibon-Ashby prediction. The hardness of MGNFs increased with increasing relative density, but showed a peak and then decreased with increasing specific surface area. In nanotribology, MGNFs exhibited relatively steady tribology performance without the formation of chips or wear debris, stabilizing the frictional force.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Di Zhang, Xingyao Gao, Juanjuan Lu, Ping Lu, Julia Deitz, Jianan Shen, Hongyi Dou, Zihao He, Zhongxia Shang, C. Austin Wade, Xinghang Zhang, Aiping Chen, Haiyan Wang
Summary: Two-dimensional layered oxides and plasmonic nanostructures have attracted attention for their strong coupling and potential applications. In this study, a novel self-assembled Bi2MoO6 (BMO) 2D layered oxide incorporated with plasmonic Au nanoinclusions was demonstrated. The film exhibited typical LSPR and strong anisotropic optical and ferromagnetic properties.
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Jaehun Cho, Bo Yang, Chao Shen, Haiyan Wang, Xinghang Zhang
Summary: In this study, Mg-PSZ was prepared by SPS and sequential subeutectoid aging, which could fine-tune its mechanical properties. The Mg-PSZ prepared by SPS had smaller grains and the phase transformation during aging played a crucial role in enhancing fracture toughness and fracture strain. SPS preparation of Mg-PSZ offers rapid and effective approaches in adjusting phases and mechanical properties.
JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Tongjun Niu, Yifan Zhang, Zihao He, Tianyi Sun, Nicholas A. Richter, Haiyan Wang, Xinghang Zhang
Summary: Nanocrystalline metals are of great interest due to their high strength, excellent wear resistance, and superior radiation properties. However, grain coarsening at elevated temperatures can degrade their properties, limiting their potential for high temperature applications. In this study, an interplay of immiscible Cu, Ag, Fe grains is reported to stabilize the grain structure and tailor texture development. Cu50Ag50 alloy experiences grain coarsening, while Cu-Ag-Fe nanocomposites exhibit smaller grain sizes after annealing. The composition of Fe plays a dominant role in changing the texture of the nanocomposites. This study provides insights for designing stable nanocomposites with tunable texture.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Tianyi Sun, Tongjun Niu, Zhongxia Shang, Wei-Ying Chen, Meimei Li, Haiyan Wang, Xinghang Zhang
Summary: We compared the irradiation response of nanolaminate (NL) and coarse-grained (CG) FeCrAl alloys by performing He ion irradiation followed by in situ Kr ion irradiation. The NL alloy showed reduced swelling and decreased density of dislocation loops compared to the CG alloy. The distribution of He bubbles seemed to depend on misorientation angles of high angle grain boundaries. A new type of nanoprecipitates was identified in the irradiated CG FeCrAl without noticeable chemical segregation, while chemical segregation occurred along the laminate boundaries in the irradiated NL FeCrAl alloy.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Tongjun Niu, Tianyi Sun, Zhongxia Shang, Yifan Zhang, Zihao He, Wei-Ying Chen, Meimei Li, Haiyan Wang, Xinghang Zhang
Summary: A study found that helium bubble swelling can be effectively controlled by pre-injecting helium in Cu50Ag50, Cu45Ag45Fe10, and Cu33Ag33Fe34 nanocomposites, with Cu33Ag33Fe34 exhibiting smaller bubble swelling compared to Cu50Ag50. This suggests the vital role of Cu-Ag-Fe triphase triple junctions and phase boundaries in managing helium. The study provides a new perspective for improving the radiation tolerance of nanocrystalline alloys through microstructure design.
JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
M. Nasim, Sreekar Rayaprolu, T. Niu, C. Fan, Z. Shang, Jin Li, H. Wang, A. El-Azab, Y. Xue, X. Zhang
Summary: Void formation is an important aspect in the irradiation response of metals. In situ transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the evolution of voids during irradiation. By combining a convolutional neural network with greedy matching, a data-driven approach was utilized to detect and track nanovoid evolutions and migrations, revealing surprising phenomena of void size fluctuation and shrinkage in irradiated Cu with pre-existing nanovoids. Phase-field simulations provided insights into the fundamental mechanism behind the observed void size fluctuation phenomenon.
JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
N. A. Richter, Y. F. Zhang, M. Gong, T. Niu, B. Yang, S. Xue, J. Wang, H. Wang, X. Zhang
Summary: This study presents a solute synergy strategy to stabilize the microstructures and improve thermal stability in high strength nanotwinned (NT) Al-Co-Zr alloys. Zr solute additions promote microstructural and mechanical stability up to 400 degrees C. In-situ microcompression tests demonstrate high strengths and deformability in these ternary NT alloys. Density functional theory calculations provide insight into the interplay between Co and Zr solute and their role in stabilizing incoherent twin boundaries. This work offers a strategy for enhancing both strength and thermal stability of nanocrystalline materials through synergistic solute pairs.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Zihao He, Zhimin Qi, Bo Yang, Ping Lu, Jianan Shen, Neil R. Dilley, Xinghang Zhang, Haiyan Wang
Summary: By electrochemically intercalating foreign ions (e.g., Li ions) into VO2 films, the transition temperature (Tc) of VO2 can be effectively tuned from 326.7 to 340.8 K, providing a new approach for room-temperature device applications.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Tongjun Niu, Sreekar Rayaprolu, Zhongxia Shang, Tianyi Sun, Cuncai Fan, Yifan Zhang, Chao Shen, Md Nasim, Wei-ying Chen, Meimei Li, Yexiang Xue, Haiyan Wang, Anter El-Azab, Xinghang Zhang
Summary: Understanding the response of nanovoids to irradiation damage is crucial for designing radiation tolerant materials. Recent in situ studies have shown that hexagon-shaped nanovoids in (110) textured Cu shrink. However, the behavior of voids with irregular geometries under irradiation is less understood. In this study, in situ Kr ion irradiation was performed on single-crystal Cu (112) with high aspect ratio nanovoids. The results reveal that elongated voids fragment into smaller voids and gradually shrink with increasing dose. Post irradiation analysis also reveals the formation of high-density defect clusters.
MATERIALS TODAY COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Physics, Applied
X. Y. Sheng, N. A. Richter, A. Y. Shang, H. Wang, X. Zhang
Summary: The role of Mg solute in facilitating the formation of growth twins in twinned Al-Mg alloys remains unclear. The twinned grain fraction increases with increasing film thickness until it reaches a peak at 120-160 nm. Al-Mg alloys show higher twinned grain fractions compared to pure Al. The increase in twin density is attributed to the impingement of twinned grains during island coalescence and their higher survival rate during grain growth.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Zhongxia Shang, Tianyi Sun, Jie Ding, Nicholas A. Richter, Nathan M. Heckman, Benjamin C. White, Brad L. Boyce, Khalid Hattar, Haiyan Wang, Xinghang Zhang
Summary: Nanostructured metallic materials with abundant high-angle grain boundaries demonstrate high strength and good radiation resistance. However, the nanoscale grains also impair the tensile ductility. A gradient nanostructured ferritic steel is shown to simultaneously improve yield strength by 36% and uniform elongation by 50% compared to a homogeneously structured counterpart. In-situ tension studies combined with electron backscattered diffraction analyses reveal intricate coordinated deformation mechanisms in the gradient structures. The plastic strain sustained by the outermost nanolaminate grains through a significant deformation mechanism involving prominent grain reorientation contributes to the delay of fracture onset, altering the rupture mode in the post-necking regime. This discovery emphasizes the inherent plasticity of nanolaminate grains and their importance in the simultaneous improvement of strength and tensile ductility in structural metallic materials.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Jiawei Song, Di Zhang, Ping Lu, Yizhi Zhang, Haohan Wang, Hongyi Dou, Xiaoshan Xu, Julia Deitz, Xinghang Zhang, Haiyan Wang
Summary: We report the design of a complex three-phase nanocomposite with ferromagnetic CoFe2, plasmonic TiN, and Au as a multifunctional hybrid metamaterial. By using either a cogrowth or a templated method, we achieved highly uniform and well-integrated structures with excellent epitaxial quality, hyperbolic dispersion, magnetic anisotropy, and magneto-optical coupling effects.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
N. A. Richter, B. Yang, J. P. Barnard, T. Niu, X. Sheng, D. Shaw, M. Watanabe, G. Rane, U. Krause, P. Duerrenfeld, H. Wang, X. Zhang
Summary: In this study, the influence of bipolar pulsed direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering on the microstructure evolution of titanium nitride (TiN) coatings is explored and compared with conventional DC sputtering. The implementation of pulsed DC voltage promotes a drastic texture change from randomly oriented polycrystals to (111) textured TiN coatings across various Si substrates, including amorphous SiO2. Higher pulse frequencies contribute to significant grain size reduction, resulting in increased hardness and wear resistance. The potential mechanism for this microstructural and texture evolution is also investigated.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Hongyi Dou, Zehao Lin, Zedong Hu, Benson Kunhung Tsai, Dongqi Zheng, Jiawei Song, Juanjuan Lu, Xinghang Zhang, Quanxi Jia, Judith L. MacManus-Driscoll, Peide D. Ye, Haiyan Wang
Summary: This study presents a simple and effective approach using self-assembled uniform Au nanoelectrodes to control filament formation in HfO2 resistive switching devices, significantly enhancing device stability and reducing threshold voltage. The potential of nanostructure design for precise control of filamentary-type resistive switching devices is highlighted.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Benjamin Thomas Stegman, Jack Lopez, William Jarosinski, Haiyan Wang, Xinghang Zhang
Summary: Currently, metallic powders for laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) are primarily available in two size distributions: 15+/45- for non-reactive powders and 15+/63- for reactive powders. However, due to the Gaussian distribution, only a small portion of the powder is used for LPBF, resulting in increased processing costs. A study on 718 alloys with a bimodal size distribution showed that it had minimal differences in density and mechanical behavior compared to conventional 718. The study suggests that particles with wider or bimodal size distributions can produce high-quality products without sacrificing mechanical properties.
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Taisei Hayashi, Kensei Ichiba, Daisuke Nakauchi, Takumi Kato, Noriaki Kawaguchi, Takayuki Yanagida
Summary: In this study, Cr-doped Mg4Ta2O9 single crystals with different doping levels were synthesized using the floating zone method, and their photoluminescence and scintillation properties were evaluated. The results showed that Cr-doped Mg4Ta2O9 single crystals exhibited broad emission bands in the near-infrared region and showed scintillation characteristics within specific wavelength ranges. Additionally, the samples with different Cr doping levels demonstrated different lower detection limits based on the dose rate response function.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
S. Marouf, A. C. Chami, Y. Boudouma
Summary: This study develops a Monte Carlo simulation approach to describe proton-induced secondary electron emission in solids. Theoretical modeling based on the Mott's elastic scattering cross-section and Lindhard's dielectric function was used to calculate the double differential cross-section (DDCS) of excited electrons and describe electron transport in the medium. The results for aluminum show the angular and energy distributions of backscattered electrons for incident protons with energy below 25 keV at normal incidence, and the total electron emission yield also agrees well with available measurements.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Weipeng Yan, Baojun Duan, Zijian Zhu, Yan Song, Guzhou Song, Jiming Ma, Binkang Li, Yucheng Liu
Summary: This article reports on the scintillation performance of Lithium-doped 2D (PEA)2PbBr4 perovskite single crystals synthesized at room temperature. The crystals exhibit fast decay time, high light yield, and high spatial resolution, making them highly promising for medical diagnostic applications.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
S. B. Vishwakarma, S. K. Dubey, R. L. Dubey, I. Sulania, D. Kanjilal
Summary: Investigations have been conducted on the implanted SiO2 thin film after thermal annealing using various analytical techniques. The results revealed the absence of vacancy defects, variations in vibrational modes and the formation of new structures. The photoluminescence intensity of the annealed SiO2 samples was higher, with a decrease in non-radiative defect centers and an increase in radiative Si:SiO2 interface states. Additionally, the presence of silicon nanoclusters formed after annealing resulted in an additional radiative recombination peak. Furthermore, the formation of new SiOx structures was observed after thermal annealing.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
M. Koshimizu, S. Kurashima, A. Kimura, M. Taguchi
Summary: By observing the scintillation time profiles of CeF3 under irradiations of pulsed beams with different LETs, we found that the initial decay was faster for higher LET, which is consistent with previous studies on other self-activated scintillators. This faster decay at higher LET can be explained by the competition between the scintillation caused by 5d-4f transition of Ce3+ ions and quenching due to the interaction between excited Ce3+ ions close to each other.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Junjie Shi, Jianhong Hao, Fang Zhang, Qiang Zhao, Bixi Xue, Jieqing Fan, Zhiwei Dong
Summary: This study examined the neutralization process and beam quality of a hydrogen beam by emitting negative hydrogen ions to a hydrogen target. The findings showed that the neutralization efficiency was influenced by variables such as the transport distance, energy, and target gas density. However, the maximal neutralization efficiency was not affected by the density of the target gas or the energy of the negative hydrogen ions.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS
(2024)
