In vivo 31P MRS detection of an alkaline inorganic phosphate pool with short T1 in human resting skeletal muscle

Non-invasive determination of mitochondrial content is an important objective in clinical and sports medicine. P-31 MRS approaches to obtain information on this parameter at low field strength typically require in-magnet exercise. Direct observation of the intra-mitochondrial inorganic phosphate (Pi) pool in resting muscle would constitute an alternative, simpler method. In this study, we exploited the higher spectral resolution and signalto-noise at 7T to investigate the MR visibility of this metabolite pool. P-31 in vivo MR spectra of the resting soleus (SOL) muscle were obtained with H-1 MR image-guided surface coil localization (six volunteers) and of the SOL and tibialis anterior (TA) muscle using 2D CSI (five volunteers). A resonance at a frequency 0.38 ppm downfield from the cytosolic Pi resonance (Pi(1); pH 7.0 +/- 0.04) was reproducibly detected in the SOL muscle in all subjects and conditionally attributed to the intra-mitochondrial Pi pool (Pi(2); pH 7.3 +/- 0.07). In the SOL muscle, the Pi(2)/Pi(1) ratio was 1.6 times higher compared to the TA muscle in the same individual. Localized 3D CSI results showed that the Pi(2) peak was present in voxels well away from blood vessels. Determination of the T1 of the two Pi pools in a single individual using adiabatic excitation of the spectral region around 5 ppm yielded estimates of 4.3 +/- 0.4 s vs 1.4 +/- 0.5 s for Pi, and Pi(2), respectively. Together, these results suggest that the intra-mitochondrial Pi pool in resting human skeletal muscle may be visible with P-31 MRS at high field. Copyright (c) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.