Development of a bird-deterrent fungal endophyte in turf tall fescue

Two Neotyphodium fungal endophyte strains (AR601 and AR604) that produce high levels of ergovaline and loline alkaloids were inoculated into turf tall fescue for the purpose of producing symbioses that deter birds. The endophyte-grass associations were shown to be stably transmitted and, in preliminary experiments, reduced insect and bird numbers at an airport and reduced faecal contamination of a sports field by birds. Cultivar 'Jackal' infected with endophyte strain AR601 has been released commercially.