Article
Fisheries
Yimu Luan, Yaocen Wang, Wentong Zhang, Xuyuan Duan, Peng Su, Qingwei Li, Yue Pang, Meng Gou
Summary: This study cloned and identified six TRP-KYN pathway-related genes from the lamprey. These genes were found to play a role in immunosuppression, inflammatory response, and tumor suppression. The key gene Lj-TDO was highly expressed in the oral gland. Real-time quantitative PCR showed significant upregulation of TRP-KYN pathway-related genes after multi-stimulation. RNA interference of Lj-IDO2 regulated the expression of inflammatory factors. This study provides valuable insights into the ancestral features and functions of the TRP-KYN pathway, as well as its involvement in the immune responses of jawless vertebrates.
FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Oncology
Trevor W. Stone, Richard O. Williams
Summary: This review focuses on the role of tryptophan metabolism in inflammation and cancer development, particularly the impact of kynurenine and related compounds. It proposes targeting the kynurenine pathway to indirectly affect interacting pathways and potentially modify tryptophan metabolism. The study provides insights into the relationship between inflammation and cancer, and suggests alternative drug targets.
Review
Chemistry, Medicinal
Frederike T. Fellendorf, Nina Bonkat, Nina Dalkner, Elena M. D. Schoenthaler, Mirko Manchia, Dietmar Fuchs, Eva Z. Reininghaus
Summary: This review highlights the inconsistent findings on KYN/TRP ratio in severe mental disorders. Although there are indications of inflammation associated with elevated IDO activity, no conclusive statements can be made. Considering factors such as inflammatory processes, metabolic activities, and psychological/neuropsychiatric symptoms are crucial for a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms.
CURRENT TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Review
Cell Biology
Filip Jovanovic, Visnja Jovanovic, Nebojsa Nick Knezevic
Summary: The development of chronic pain involves complex interactions among the nervous, immune, and endocrine systems. Chronic pain, lasting for more than 3 months, is increasingly common in the US adult population. Pro-inflammatory cytokines contribute to chronic pain and affect the tryptophan metabolism and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Glucocorticoids and metabolites of the kynurenine pathway may serve as biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for chronic pain.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Xiao-han Liu, Xiao-yue Zhai
Summary: Tryptophan metabolism is associated with various biological processes such as nerve conduction, inflammation, and the immune response. Clinical studies have shown that it plays a crucial role in tumor progression by modulating the immunosuppressive microenvironment through multiple mechanisms.
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Sevda Shayesteh, Gilles J. Guillemin, Amir Rashidian, Hedyeh Faghir-Ghanesefat, Ali R. Mani, Seyed Mohammad Tavangar, Ahmad R. Dehpour
Summary: The kynurenine pathway is upregulated in liver disease and is associated with disease severity. In an experimental model of cirrhosis, inhibition of IDO with 1-MT improved cardiac dysfunction and reduced systemic inflammation. Chronic administration of 1-MT also attenuated hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, and ductular proliferation in rats with biliary cirrhosis.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Eslam E. Abd El-Fattah
Summary: Cancer is a leading cause of death globally. The change in the tumor immune microenvironment, specifically immunosuppression, is associated with cancer progression, metastasis, recurrence, and chemoresistance. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and its metabolite kynurenine (Kyn) play a significant role in the immunosuppression of lung cancer.
JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Pengbo Yang, Junhua Zhang
Summary: IDO1 is an enzyme involved in the conversion of tryptophan into kynurenine, playing a crucial role in various biological functions and cancer immunotherapy. Inhibiting IDO1 has potential therapeutic benefits for tumor treatment. Furthermore, IDO activity assays are valuable tools for screening and evaluating inhibitors.
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Fanni Annamaria Boros, Laszlo Vecsei
Summary: Inhibition of TDO has the potential to alleviate motor and non-motor dysfunctions in PD, but concerns over harmful effects of long-term TDO inhibition exist. To fully exploit the possibilities of TDO inhibitory treatment, further research into developing selective TDO inhibitor compounds with good bioavailability and models replicating systemic origin PD symptoms is needed.
EXPERT OPINION ON THERAPEUTIC TARGETS
(2021)
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Ana Dolsak, Stanislav Gobec, Matej Sova
Summary: This review discusses the key step of tryptophan metabolism and the importance of relevant enzymes in pathological conditions. In recent years, many inhibitors targeting these enzymes have been developed, and these inhibitors have entered clinical trials.
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Li-Ping Zhao, Jian Wu, Wei Quan, Yu Zhou, Hui Hong, Gu-Yu Niu, Ting Li, Shu-Bing Huang, Chen-Meng Qiao, Wei-Jiang Zhao, Chun Cui, Yan-Qin Shen
Summary: Accumulative studies suggest that inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may cause multiple central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. This study revealed that DSS-induced colitis can lead to dysregulation of the Kyn pathway in both serum and brain, as well as alter the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Frederike T. Fellendorf, Mirko Manchia, Alessio Squassina, Claudia Pisanu, Stefano Dall'Acqua, Stefania Sut, Sofia Nasini, Donatella Congiu, Eva Z. Reininghaus, Mario Garzilli, Beatrice Guiso, Federico Suprani, Pasquale Paribello, Vittoria Pulcinelli, Maria Novella Iaselli, Ilaria Pinna, Giulia Somaini, Laura Arru, Carolina Corrias, Federica Pinna, Bernardo Carpiniello, Stefano Comai
Summary: Bipolar disorder is associated with inflammation-triggered tryptophan degradation, and a poorer response to lithium is associated with higher levels of kynurenine and quinolinic acid, indicating a pro-inflammatory state and increased degradation towards the neurotoxic branch. The response to valproate and lamotrigine is not affected by tryptophan metabolite levels. These findings support the anti-inflammatory properties of lithium and suggest a potential personalized medicine approach for bipolar disorder.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ilona Sadok, Kamila Rachwal, Ilona Jonik, Magdalena Staniszewska
Summary: A new HPLC-DAD method for determining IDO1 activity in human cancer cells has been developed and successfully validated, demonstrating its applicability in different cancer cell types. This approach provides a useful model for studying the role of the kynurenine pathway in cancer biology.
JOURNAL OF ENZYME INHIBITION AND MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Yixuan Guo, Yu Liu, Wei Wu, Daishun Ling, Qiao Zhang, Peng Zhao, Xi Hu
Summary: This article will discuss different types of IDO inhibitors and relevant clinical trials, especially feasible combined therapeutic modalities. In addition, it will also review cutting-edge nanomedicines that combine IDO inhibitors with other therapeutic modalities to effectively enhance the effectiveness of cancer therapy. Finally, the prospects of IDO inhibitors in clinical application and potential breakthroughs will be briefly discussed.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Xavier Dagenais-Lussier, Hamza Loucif, Cherifa Beji, Roman Telittchenko, Jean-Pierre Routy, Julien van Grevenynghe
Summary: Tryptophan amino acid is essential for life and its metabolism pathways play a crucial role in maintaining proper cell activity and homeostasis. The ratio of tryptophan to kynurenine is key in inflammation and immunomodulation, with studies focusing on its impact on regulatory T cells, B cells, and humoral immunity. Understanding these pathways is crucial for disease prevention and treatment.
CYTOKINE & GROWTH FACTOR REVIEWS
(2021)