Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Valentin K. Gribkoff, Raymond J. Winquist
Summary: Several mutations to members of CNS potassium channel families are associated with rare forms of neonatal onset epilepsy or syndromes with epilepsy characteristics. These mutations significantly increase the probability of generalized seizure disorders and can result in more severe developmental syndromes. Efforts to target these syndromes through pharmacological or genetic modulation have been made.
BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ravikumar Reddi, Kimberly Matulef, Erika Riederer, Pierre Moenne-Loccoz, Francis Valiyaveetil
Summary: Regulation of ion conduction through the pore of a K+ channel involves coordinated action of the activation gate and inactivation gate, with the W67F mutant of the KcsA channel showing reduced inactivation and enhanced activation rate. Structural studies provide insights into the allosteric pathway and highlight the importance of ion occupancy at the S2 site for channel inactivation.
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Andy K. M. Lam, Jan Rheinberger, Cristina Paulino, Raimund Dutzler
Summary: The study elucidated the conformational changes triggered by the binding of cytoplasmic Ca2+ to the TMEM16A channel and identified three hydrophobic residues as constituents of the channel gate. Mutations in these residues increase Ca2+ potency and result in basal activity, while an activating mutant shows a conformational change that contributes to Ca2+ binding and basal activity. Despite no physical contact, these residues functionally interact to stabilize the gate in the closed conformation, explaining the low open probability of the channel in the absence of Ca2+.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Cell Biology
Jiangtao Zhang, Shiqi Liu, Junping Fan, Rui Yan, Bo Huang, Feng Zhou, Tian Yuan, Jianke Gong, Zhu Huang, Daohua Jiang
Summary: In this study, cryoelectron microscopy was used to obtain structures of the Slo2.2 channel in closed, open, and inhibitor-bound form, providing insights into its cation regulation and inhibition. The closed state of Slo2.2 contains multiple K+ and Zn2+ binding sites in the cytoplasmic gating ring domain, which stabilize the closed conformation. The open state reveals Na+-sensitive sites that induce gating ring expansion and rotation upon Na+ binding, leading to inner gate opening. Additionally, a potent inhibitor blocks the pore by binding to a pocket formed by the pore helix and S6 helix. These findings establish a structural framework for studying Slo2.2 channel gating, Na+ sensation, and inhibition.
Article
Biology
Joseph L. Ransdell, Jonathan D. Moreno, Druv Bhagavan, Jonathan R. Silva, Jeanne M. Nerbonne
Summary: The resurgent component of the voltage-gated sodium current (I-NaR) is a depolarizing conductance that regulates the firing properties of various neuronal cell types. The mechanism behind the generation of I-NaR, mediated by voltage-gated sodium channels, remains unclear. This study provides evidence that resurgent Na+ influx occurs as a result of fast inactivating Nav channels transitioning into an open/conducting state on membrane hyperpolarization, and the decay of I-NaR reflects the slow accumulation of recovered/opened Nav channels into a second inactivated state. The amplitude of I-NaR can be modulated by factors such as the accessory Nav beta 4 channel subunit.
Article
Neurosciences
Ye Liu, Fang-Fang Zhang, Ying Song, Ran Wang, Qi Zhang, Zhong-Shan Shen, Fei-Fei Zhang, Dan-Ya Zhong, Xiao-Hui Wang, Qing Guo, Qiong-Yao Tang, Zhe Zhang
Summary: The Slack channel plays an important role in regulating mechanical pain-sensing, with high expression in specific neurons in the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord.
FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR NEUROSCIENCE
(2022)
Review
Cell Biology
Chunzhu Song, Kendal Broadie
Summary: Drosophila models of neurological disease, particularly the FXS model, have greatly contributed to our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms and neurological phenotypes of fragile X syndrome, and have provided potential therapeutic targets.
FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Dominic J. Vita, Cole J. Meier, Kendal Broadie
Summary: Glia play a crucial role in remodeling neural circuits during development. FMRP acts within neurons to activate glial insulin receptors, facilitating Draper- and Shrub-dependent neuronal clearance.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Review
Physiology
Luigi Catacuzzeno, Franco Conti, Fabio Franciolini
Summary: This article reviews the retrospective on gating currents from their first recording in 1973 to the present day and their contribution to understanding channel gating. The past 50 years have witnessed great progress in elucidating the mechanisms of channel gating through the recording and analysis of gating currents. The review covers the development of the concept of gating particles and gating currents, early studies on specific channels, expansion to other channels and non-channel structures, and the translation of gating-charge/voltage-sensor movements into pore opening and associated pathologies.
JOURNAL OF GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Neurosciences
Jing-Jing Liu, Katherine W. Eyring, Gabriele M. Koenig, Evi Kostenis, Richard W. Tsien
Summary: Oxytocin modulates ion channels in CA2 pyramidal neurons, increasing responsiveness to synaptic inputs and promoting rhythmic firing. These mechanisms deepen our understanding of oxytocin's role in promoting social memory and cognitive control.
JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Nidhin Thomas, Kranthi K. Mandadapu, Ashutosh Agrawal
Summary: Experimental studies have shown that different lipids can affect the voltage control of Kv channels, with POPA restricting the movement of the voltage sensor domain, cholesterol increasing membrane rigidity, and DOTAP reducing the effect of electrostatic forces by regulating the dielectric constant. The electromechanical model predictions are in agreement with experimental observations, providing insights into the lipid-dependent gating of Kv channels.
MATHEMATICS AND MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
(2022)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Sophie F. Hill, Julie M. Ziobro, Paymaan Jafar-Nejad, Frank Rigo, Miriam H. Meisler
Summary: Voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels play a crucial role in regulating neuronal action potentials, and mutations in these channels can lead to seizure disorders. This study demonstrates that reducing the expression of Scn8a can compensate for loss-of-function mutations in Kcna1 and Kcnq2, providing a potential therapeutic approach for genetic epilepsies caused by mutations in potassium channel genes.
Article
Neurosciences
Susana R. Louros, Sang S. Seo, Beatriz Maio, Cristina Martinez-Gonzalez, Miguel A. Gonzalez-Lozano, Melania Muscas, Nick C. Verity, Jimi C. Wills, Ka Wan Li, Matthew F. Nolan, Emily K. Osterweil
Summary: In fragile X syndrome, excessive neuronal protein synthesis is a core pathophysiology, but an overall increase in protein expression is not observed. Surprisingly, although protein degradation through the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is significantly increased, this contributes to pathological changes. Normalizing proteasome activity corrects excessive protein synthesis and hyperactivation of neurons in response to auditory stimulation, reducing the incidence and severity of audiogenic seizures in the mouse model. Excessive activation of the UPS pathway in fragile X neurons can be targeted for therapeutic intervention.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Cedric Vallee, Brendan Howlin, Rebecca Lewis
Summary: The Epithelial Sodium Channel/Degenerin (ENaC/DEG) family is a superfamily of sodium-selective channels with high homology in the pore region, playing important physiological roles in various animal species. The G/SxS selectivity filter and other conserved residues are crucial for ion selectivity, with different residues involved in ion permeability depending on the ion type. This review highlights new perspectives for further exploration of ion selectivity mechanisms.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Biology
Jesusa Capera, Mireia Perez-Verdaguer, Roberta Peruzzo, Maria Navarro-Perez, Juan Martinez-Pinna, Armando Alberola-Die, Andres Morales, Luigi Leanza, Ildiko Szabo, Antonio Felipe
Summary: The voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3 plays a dual role in immune cells and cancer cells, with its different cellular locations leading to involvement in distinct physiological processes.