Mycobiota of the Takamatsuzuka and Kitora Tumuli in Japan, focusing on the molecular phylogenetic diversity of Fusarium and Trichoderma

In an effort to clarify the cause of the deterioration of the colorfully painted murals that adorn the inner walls of the small stone chambers in the Takamatsuzuka and Kitora Tumuli in Japan, we enumerated the fungi that were isolated from moldy spots on the plaster walls collected between May 2004 and April 2005. The 262 fungal isolates from 79 samples of both tumuli were identified as approximately 100 species based on their phenotypic characters. Fusarium, Trichoderma, and Penicillium species were the predominant colonizers in the stone chamber interior and adjacent areas of both tumuli. In addition to the 28S phylogeny, neighbor-joining and Bayesian phylogenies of partial EF-1-alpha gene sequences revealed 24 genetically diverse fusaria in the Takamatsuzuka and Kitora Tumuli. Most of the fusaria were nested in clade 3 of the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC); however, a few isolates were members of the F. oxysporum species complex (FOSC) clade or the F. avenaceum/F. tricinctum species complex clade. The FSSC isolates were compared with those detected in the Lascaux cave in France. In addition, a partial EF-1 alpha gene phylogeny indicated that 13 Trichoderma isolates clustered in the Harzianum-Virens clade and 5 isolates in the Viride clade or Trichoderma sect. Longibrachiatum. Our analyses suggest that most of the fungi recovered from both tumuli are typically soil dwellers.