Compulsive Use of Dopaminergic Drug Therapy in Parkinson's Disease: Reward and Anti-Reward

A few Parkinson patients develop a disabling pattern of compulsive dopaminergic drug use (dopamine dysregulation syndrome-DDS). DDS patients commonly identify aversive dysphoric OFF mood-states as a primary motivation to compulsively use their drugs. We compared motoric, affective, non-motor symptoms and incentive arousal after overnight medication withdrawal and after levodopa in DDS and control PD patients. Twenty DDS patients were matched to 20 control PD patients for age, gender, and disease duration and underwent a standard levodopa challenge. Somatic symptomatology, positive and negative affective states, drug effects, reward responsivity, motor disability, and dyskinesias were tested in the OFF-state after overnight withdrawal of medications, and then after a challenge with a standard dose of levodopa, after a full ON-state was achieved. In the OFF-state, DDS patients reported lower positive affect, and more motor and non-motor disability. In the ON-state. DDS patients had higher expressions of drug wanting, reward responsivity, and dyskinesias. Positive and negative affect, non-motor symptomatology, and motor disability were comparable. These findings suggest that affective, motivational, and motoric disturbances in PD are associated with the transition to compulsive drug use in individuals who inappropriately overuse their dopaminergic medication. (C) 2010 Movement Disorder Society