Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Peter A. Thomas, Christopher C. Lovell, Maxwell G. A. Maltz, Aswin P. Vijayan, Stephen M. Wilkins, Dimitrios Irodotou, William J. Roper, Louise Seeyave
Summary: The upcoming deep galaxy surveys with JWST will investigate galaxy evolution during the epoch of reionization. It is important to understand survey variance to evaluate the representativeness of the galaxy populations in these studies.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Steven R. Furlanetto, Jordan Mirocha
Summary: Over the past three decades, photometric galaxy selection using the Lyman-break technique has revolutionized our understanding of the high-z Universe, providing large and relatively uncontaminated samples of galaxies at 3 < z < 8. With the JWST, this technique has been extended to z ~ 17, but the purity of the resulting samples has not been tested. A simple model based on the dark matter halo mass function reveals a dramatic rise in contamination at z > 10, especially for luminous galaxies, necessitating careful selection processes and potentially extensive spectroscopic follow-up campaigns.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Nicha Leethochawalit, Guido Roberts-Borsani, Takahiro Morishita, Michele Trenti, Tommaso Treu
Summary: We determine the bright end of the rest-frame UV luminosity function (UVLF) at z = 8-10 by selecting bright z greater than or similar to 8 photometric candidates from the largest systematic compilation of HST (pure-)parallel observations to date, the Super-Brightestof-Reionizing-Galaxies (SuperBoRG) data set. We identify 31 z greater than or similar to 8 candidates via colour selection and photo- z analysis with observed magnitude (24.1 < H-160 < 26.6) and 1 sigma range probability of 58-95 per cent of being true high-z galaxies. Following detailed completeness and source recovery simulations, as well as modelling of interloper contamination, we derive rest-frame UVLFs at z = 8-10 down to M-UV similar or equal to -23.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Nicha Leethochawalit, Michele Trenti, Takahiro Morishita, Guido Roberts-Borsani, Tommaso Treu
Summary: Having accurate completeness functions is crucial for determining the ultraviolet luminosity functions. Different methods have been used to determine completeness functions, and it has been found that considering completeness as a function of both input and output magnitude is the most robust approach. Comparisons between mock observations and real images indicate that uncertainties in the UVLFs are predominantly influenced by small number statistics and cosmic variance.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Zekang Zhang, Huanyuan Shan, Junhua Gu, Qian Zheng, Yidong Xu, Bin Yue, Yuchen Liu, Zhenghao Zhu, Quan Guo
Summary: This paper investigates the contribution of extremely faint galaxies to cosmic reionization and their impact on the 21-cm signal and power spectra. The study finds that high-redshift star formation is dampened in haloes with a mass smaller than a certain threshold. The results also show that the absorption trough in the global 21-cm signal and the peak power in the power spectra are sensitive to the parameters of the star formation efficiency model.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
X. F. Dong, X. J. Li, Z. B. Zhang, X. L. Zhang
Summary: This work investigates the dependence of luminosity function and event rates on sample selection and threshold effect for different gamma-ray burst samples. The study finds that the evolution of luminosity with redshift is influenced by sample selection, and the cumulative distributions of non-evolving luminosities and redshifts are determined by sample selection rather than instrumental sensitivity. The event rates of the burst samples evolve similarly with redshift, except for a discrepancy at low redshift. The burst rates violate the star formation rate at low redshift, but are consistent at higher redshift.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
S. Santos, D. Sobral, J. Butterworth, A. Paulino-Afonso, B. Ribeiro, E. da Cunha, J. Calhau, A. A. Khostovan, J. Matthee, P. Arrabal Haro
Summary: The study reveals a correlation between Ly alpha luminosity and rest-frame UV, with a higher L-Ly alpha cut leading to a decrease in the number density of faint M-UV and low M-star LAEs. Additionally, the UV and SMF of LAEs slowly approach the measurements of continuum-selected galaxies, indicating a key role of LAEs in the epoch of reionization.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
R. A. A. Bowler, N. J. Adams, M. J. Jarvis, B. Haubler
Summary: With the development of deep optical-to-near-infrared extragalactic imaging, a study was conducted to investigate the transition between SF- and AGN-dominated systems at z similar to 4 in the rest-frame UV. The results showed a rapid transition to AGN-dominated sources around M-UV similar to -23.2, and the rest-frame UV morphology, size-luminosity relation, and available spectra were analyzed to derive the rest-frame UV luminosity function for the SF- and AGN-dominated subsamples. Additionally, a simple model was used to predict the rest-frame AGN LF from the z = 4 galaxy LF, revealing the increasing impact of host galaxy light on the measured morphology of faint AGN.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Taha Dawoodbhoy, Paul R. Shapiro, Pierre Ocvirk, Joseph S. W. Lewis, Dominique Aubert, Jenny G. Sorce, Kyungjin Ahn, Ilian T. Iliev, Hyunbae Park, Romain Teyssier, Gustavo Yepes
Summary: When the first galaxies formed and reionized the intergalactic medium with starlight, the process of galaxy formation and reionization was not uniform in both time and space, but were interconnected through mutual feedback. Using a large-scale simulation called CoDa II, we examine the UV luminosity function (UVLF) of galaxies during the reionization era from z ~ 6-15. The results show that the UVLF is strongly correlated with the local reionization redshift, with earlier-reionizing regions having higher UVLFs that extend to brighter magnitudes and have a flatter faint end compared to regions that reionized later at the same redshift. Additionally, previous methods have underestimated the uncertainty due to cosmic variance on small scales by a factor of 2-4.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Jordan Mirocha, Adrian Liu, Paul La Plante
Summary: The reionization of the intergalactic medium has a lasting impact on galaxies in low-mass dark matter haloes, causing a turnover in the galaxy luminosity function. This impact can be constrained by measuring the cosmic near-infrared background (NIRB).
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Jordan Mirocha, Steven R. Furlanetto
Summary: Early observations with JWST indicate an excess of bright galaxies at high redshifts compared to predictions, and no evolution in their abundance between z ? 9 and z ? 13-17. In this study, semi-empirical models calibrated to previous data are found to be consistent with properties of individual JWST galaxies. The boost in abundance of bright galaxies is attributed to higher star formation rates in low-mass haloes, but this leads to tensions with observations of ages, masses, and spectral slopes, which can be alleviated by considering reddening effects.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Elizabeth Taylor, Omar Almaini, Michael Merrifield, David Maltby, Vivienne Wild, William G. Hartley, Kate Rowlands
Summary: We conducted a study on the relationship between the quenching probability of galaxies and their environment within the redshift range of 0.5 < z < 3. The data used in this study came from the UKIDSS Ultra Deep Survey. Our findings indicate a higher rate of quenching in dense environments compared to low-density environments across all redshifts. Additionally, the probability of quenching is 1.7 +/- 0.2 times higher for massive galaxies (M-* > 10(10.7) M-circle dot) in the densest third of environments compared to the sparsest third. Furthermore, we discovered that the post-starburst (PSB) route can account for roughly 50% of the growth in the quiescent population at high stellar mass (M-*> 10(10.7) M-circle dot) within the redshift range of 0.5 < z < 3.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Graziano Ucci, Pratika Dayal, Anne Hutter, Gustavo Yepes, Stefan Gottloeber, Laurent Legrand, Laura Pentericci, Marco Castellano, Tirthankar Roy Choudhury
Summary: Next-generation telescopes like JWST and NGRST will allow detailed study of the early Universe. Using the ASTRAEUS framework, this work estimated cosmic variance in UV LF and stellar mass function in JWST surveys, finding that different reionization scenarios have minimal impact on cosmic variance. The study demonstrates how JWST observations can distinguish between reionization feedback models and reveals characteristics of LBGs' environments during the EoR.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Artemisa Villalobos-Ramirez, Oswaldo Gallardo-Rivera, Alfredo Herrera-Aguilar, Ulises Nucamendi
Summary: In this study, we estimated the mass-to-distance ratio of the black hole in the active galactic nucleus of TXS 2226-184 using a general relativistic method. We compared our result to an estimate based on a mass-luminosity correlation and found a significant difference between the two.
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
J. R. Weaver, I. Davidzon, S. Toft, O. Ilbert, H. J. Mccracken, K. M. L. Gould, C. K. Jespersen, C. Steinhardt, C. D. P. Lagos, P. L. Capak, C. M. Casey, N. Chartab, A. L. Faisst, C. C. Hayward, J. S. Kartaltepe, O. B. Kauffmann, A. M. Koekemoer, V. Kokorev, C. Laigle, D. Liu, A. Long, G. E. Magdis, C. J. R. Mcpartland, B. Milvang-Jensen, B. Mobasher, A. Moneti, Y. Peng, D. B. Sanders, M. Shuntov, A. Sneppen, F. Valentino, L. Zalesky, G. Zamorani
Summary: This study presents constraints on the shape and evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function (SMF) and the cosmic stellar mass density. The authors utilize data from the COSMOS survey to infer the intrinsic galaxy stellar mass function, its key parameters evolution, and the cosmic stellar mass density. The results indicate a smooth and monotonic evolution in the galaxy SMF since z = 7.5, in agreement with previous studies. Furthermore, a sustained agreement is found between the stellar and dark matter halo mass functions. Star formation in massive halos may be more efficient at early times.
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Yu-Peng Chen, Shu Zhang, Long Ji, Shuang-Nan Zhang, Peng-Ju Wang, Ling-Da Kong, Zhi Chang, Jing-Qiang Peng, Qing-Cang Shui, Jian Li, Zhao-Sheng Li, Lian Tao, Ming-Yu Ge, Jin-Lu Qu
Summary: After 49 years of quiescence, 4U 1730-22 became active and had two outbursts in 2021 and 2022; 10 thermonuclear X-ray bursts were detected with Insight-HXMT. Among them, the faintest burst showed a double-peaked profile, placing the source as the seventh accreting neutron star (NS) exhibiting double-peaked type I X-ray bursts; the other bursts showed photospheric radius expansion (PRE). The properties of a double-peaked non-PRE burst indicate that it could be related to a stalled burning front. For the five bright PRE bursts, apart from the emission from the neutron star (NS) surface, we find the residuals both in the soft (<3 keV) and hard (>10 keV) X-ray bands. Time-resolved spectroscopy reveals that the excess can be attributed to an enhanced preburst/persistent emission or the Comptonization of the burst emission by the corona. We find, the burst emission shows a rise until the photosphere touches down to the NS surface rather than the theoretical predicted constant Eddington luminosity. The shortage of the burst emission in the early rising phase is beyond the occlusion by the disk. We speculate that the findings above are due to that the obscured part (not only the lower part) of the NS surface is exposed to the line of sight due to the evaporation of the obscured material by the burst emission, or the burst emission is anisotropic (xi > 1) in the burst early phase. In addition, based on the fluxes of PRE bursts at their touchdown times, we derive a distance estimation as 9.0-12.4 kpc.
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Yu-Peng Chen, Shu Zhang, Shuang-Nan Zhang, Long Ji, Peng-Ju Wang, Ling-Da Kong, Zhi Chang, Jing-Qiang Peng, Qing-Cang Shui, Jian Li, Lian Tao, Ming-Yu Ge, Jin-Lu Qu
Summary: 4U 1730-22 had two outbursts in 2021 and 2022 after 49 years of quiescence. NICER observed the onset and tail of the outbursts, providing an excellent opportunity to study the state transition and its underlying mechanism. The research found that the accretion disk is close to the neutron star surface in the high/soft state, and a steep change in the accretion disk emission within 1 day, known as the soft-to-hard transition, may be due to the propeller effect.
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Wang-Chen Xue, Xiao-Bo Li, Shao-Lin Xiong, Yong Chen, Shuang-Nan Zhang, Li-Ming Song, Shu Zhang, Ming-Yu Ge, You-Li Tuo, Hai-Tao Li, Dao-Chun Yu, Dong-Ya Guo, Jia-Cong Liu, Yan-Qiu Zhang, Chao Zheng
Summary: The Earth occultation technique is used to construct a background model of the Crab Nebula observed by Insight-HXMT. A Bayesian atmospheric density retrieval method is proposed, which combines Poisson and Gaussian statistics. By modeling the attenuation of X-ray photons during the occultation, the neutral densities of the atmosphere at different altitude ranges are simultaneously retrieved. This method reduces potential systematic bias and maximizes the use of occultation data, resulting in improved density measurements and cross-checking of atmospheric models.
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Honghui Liu, Cosimo Bambi, Jiachen Jiang, Javier A. Garcia, Long Ji, Lingda Kong, Xiaoqin Ren, Shu Zhang, Shuangnan Zhang
Summary: We analyze the relativistic reflection spectra of GX 339-4 during its 2021 outburst and find strong relativistic reflection signatures indicating a high black hole spin and an intermediate disk inclination angle. The hard-to-soft transition is accompanied by an increasing disk temperature and a softening corona emission, while the inner disk radius remains stable. The corona height, assuming a lamppost geometry, stays close to the black hole across the state transition. Including Comptonization, the scattering fraction parameter decreases during the transition. Our analysis with a reflection model designed for hot accretion disks supports the scenario of corona property variations during the state transition.
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Qing C. Shui, S. Zhang, Yu P. Chen, Shuang N. Zhang, Ling D. Kong, Peng J. Wang, L. Ji, Hong X. Yin, Jin L. Qu, L. Tao, Ming Y. Ge, Jing Q. Peng, Z. Chang, J. Li, P. Zhang
Summary: We systematically analyzed the QPO observations of H1743-322 and found consistent positive correlations between the QPO fractional rms amplitude and nonthermal fraction of the emission, independent of the outburst brightness. However, the QPO rms dependence on frequency and the coronal temperature range differed between the outburst rise and decay phases. The findings suggest a possible connection between the QPO rms differences, hysteresis traces, and corona-jet transitions in H1743-322.
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
X. Ma, L. Zhang, L. Tao, Q. C. Bu, J. L. Qu, S. N. Zhang, D. K. Zhou, Y. Huang, S. M. Jia, L. M. Song, S. Zhang, M. Y. Ge, H. X. Liu, Z. X. Yang, W. Yu, E. S. Yorgancioglu
Summary: We present the X-ray timing results of MAXI J1820+070 during its 2018 outburst using Insight-HXMT and NICER observations. LFQPOs are detected in the low/hard state and the hard intermediate state, with an approximately 90-day duration. Our results show the energy dependence of LFQPO characteristics and phase lags, providing new insights into the origin of the radiation from different regions of the accretion disk and the relativistic jet.
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Qinyu Wu, Zhixing Ling, Chen Zhang, Quan Zhou, Xinyang Wang, Weimin Yuan, Shuang-Nan Zhang
Summary: In recent years, scientific CMOS (sCMOS) sensors have outperformed CCDs in several aspects: higher readout frame rate, higher radiation tolerance, and higher working temperature. A new method is introduced to measure the image lag of a sCMOS sensor under low-light illumination by extracting the image lag from X-ray photons. The results show that the image lag of the sensor is small and has no significant impact on the imaging quality and energy resolution.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Wei Yu, Qing-Cui Bu, Zi-Xu Yang, He-Xin Liu, Liang Zhang, Yue Huang, Deng-Ke Zhou, Jin-Lu Qu, Shuang-Nan Zhang, Shu Zhang, Li-Ming Song, Shu-Mei Jia, Xiang Ma, Lian Tao, Ming-Yu Ge, Qing-Zhong Liu, Jing-Zhi Yan
Summary: This paper presents a time-frequency analysis of the low-frequency quasiperiodic oscillations observed in the black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1820+070, using the Hilbert-Huang transform. The study decomposes the light curve of the quasiperiodic oscillation component and measures its phase lag and broadband noise. The results suggest a physical origin involving the internal shock model of the jet.
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Yuan Feng, Ye-Fei Yuan, Shuang-Nan Zhang
Summary: The iron fluorescence emission lines from X-ray binaries and active galactic nuclei are important for studying the physical processes near the event horizon of stellar-mass black holes and supermassive black holes. This study investigated the line profile of relativistic broad iron lines from the cool accretion disk of a black hole due to asymmetric illumination from a moving corona. The results showed that the illumination and line profile depend on the position and velocity of the corona, with the flux received by the disk region below the corona being the most important factor affecting the line profiles.
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Xin-Ying Song, Shuang-Nan Zhang
Summary: As the brightest gamma-ray burst ever detected, GRB 221009A may provide some insights into the hidden features of less bright bursts. The first pulse in this burst is believed to be an unconventional precursor, offering a unique case for studying precursor phenomena. By analyzing the duration and flux, we have obtained constraints on the luminosity and Lorentz factor of the weak jet.
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Wei Yu, Qing-Cui Bu, He-Xin Liu, Yue Huang, Liang Zhang, Zi-Xu Yang, Jin-Lu Qu, Shu Zhang, Li-Ming Song, Shuang-Nan Zhang, Shu-Mei Jia, Xiang Ma, Lian Tao, Ming-Yu Ge, Qing-Zhong Liu, Jing-Zhi Yan, Xue-Lei Cao, Zhi Chang, Li Chen, Yong Chen, Yu-Peng Chen, Guo-Qiang Ding, Ju Guan, Jing Jin, Ling-Da Kong, Bing Li, Cheng-Kui Li, Ti-Pei Li, Xiao-Bo Li, Jin-Yuan Liao, Bai-Sheng Liu, Cong-Zhan Liu, Fang-Jun Lu, Rui-Can Ma, Jian-Yin Nie, Xiao-Qin Ren, Na Sai, Ying Tan, You-Li Tuo, Ling-Jun Wang, Peng-Ju Wang, Bai-Yang Wu, Guang-Cheng Xiao, Qian-Qing Yin, Yuan You, Juan Zhang, Peng Zhang, Wei Zhang, Hai-Sheng Zhao, Shi-Jie Zheng, Deng-Ke Zhou
Summary: We performed a spectral-timing analysis of the black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1535-571 during its 2017 outburst to investigate the evolution of the inner accretion flow geometry. X-ray reverberation lags were observed in the hard-intermediate state (HIMS) and soft-intermediate state of the outburst. The characteristic frequency of the reverberation lags, ν(0), increased when the spectrum softened in the HIMS, implying a reduction in the spatial distance between the corona and accretion disk. We found a strong correlation between ν(0) and the type-C quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) centroid frequency ν(QPO), indicating a truncated disk geometry.
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
M. Y. Ge, C. Z. Liu, S. N. Zhang, F. J. Lu, Z. Zhang, Z. Chang, Y. L. Tuo, X. B. Li, C. K. Li, S. L. Xiong, C. Cai, X. F. Li, R. Zhang, Z. G. Dai, J. L. Qu, L. M. Song, S. Zhang, L. J. Wang
Summary: A double-peak X-ray burst from the Galactic magnetar SGR J1935+2154 was found to be associated with the two radio pulses of FRB 200428 separated by 28.97±0.02 ms. Precise measurements of the timing and spectral properties of the X-ray bursts are crucial for understanding the physical origin of fast radio bursts.
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Qing C. Shui, S. Zhang, Shuang N. Zhang, Yu P. Chen, Ling D. Kong, Peng J. Wang, Jing Q. Peng, L. Ji, A. Santangelo, Hong X. Yin, Jin L. Qu, L. Tao, Ming Y. Ge, Y. Huang, L. Zhang, Hong H. Liu, P. Zhang, W. Yu, Z. Chang, J. Li, Wen T. Ye, Pan P. Li, Zhuo L. Yu, Z. Yan
Summary: In this study, phase-resolved spectroscopy is used to investigate LFQPOs in MAXI J1820+070 during its 2018 outburst. The study reveals that the phase difference between QPO harmonics exhibits time variability, and strong concurrent modulations of the spectral index and flux are observed during the bright hard state. Significant modulations in the reflection fraction are also detected during the later stages of the bright hard state.
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Shuo Xiao, Jiao-Jiao Yang, Xi-Hong Luo, Shao-Lin Xiong, Yuan-Hong Qu, Shuang-Nan Zhang, Wang-Chen Xue, Xiao-Bo Li, You-Li Tuo, Ai-Jun Dong, Ru-Shuang Zhao, Shi-Jun Dang, Lun-Hua Shang, Qing-Bo Ma, Ce Cai, Jin Wang, Ping Wang, Cheng-Kui Li, Shu-Xu Yi, Zhen Zhang, Ming-Yu Ge, Shi-Jie Zheng, Li-Ming Song, Wen-Xi Peng, Xiang-Yang Wen, Xin-Qiao Li, Zheng-Hua An, Xin Xu, Yue Wang, Chao Zheng, Yan-Qiu Zhang, Jia-Cong Liu, Bin Zhang, Wei Xie, Jian-Chao Feng, De-Hua Wang, Qi-Jun Zhi
Summary: In this work, the minimum variation timescale (MVT) of X-ray bursts from SGR J1935+2154 is systematically studied. The MVTs peak at about 2 ms, supporting the magnetospheric origin in pulsar-like models. The shock radius and Lorentz factor of the jet in GRB-like models are also constrained. The MVT of the XRB associated with FRB 200428 is longer than most bursts, indicating a special radiation mechanism.
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Bei You, Xinwu Cao, Zhen Yan, Jean-Marie Hameury, Bozena Czerny, Yue Wu, Tianyu Xia, Marek Sikora, Shuang-Nan Zhang, Pu Du, Piotr T. Zycki
Summary: This study analyzes archival multiwavelength observations of the black hole x-ray binary MAXI J1820+070 in 2018 and finds evidence for the formation of a magnetically arrested disk (MAD), indicated by the delayed radio and optical fluxes compared with the x-ray flux.