The impaired flesh quality by iron deficiency and excess is associated with increasing oxidative damage and decreasing antioxidant capacity in the muscle of young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

To investigate effects of iron (Fe) on growth, haematological parameters, flesh quality and antioxidant status in muscle, young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) (292.0 +/- 3.2g) were fed graded levels of Fe (20.7, 38.4, 52.8, 79.3, 98.0 and 120.0mgkg(-1) diet) for 8weeks. Per cent weight gain (PWG) and feed intake were improved with Fe levels up to 52.8mgkg(-1) diet. Serum Fe, erythrocyte counts, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit and mean cell haemoglobin increased with optimal Fe levels (38.4-79.3mgkg(-1) diet) (P<0.05). The muscle protein and lipid contents were increased by dietary Fe, whereas moisture, liquid loss, shear force and hydroxyproline contents followed opposite trends. Malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl contents in muscle were the lowest in fish fed the 52.8 or 79.3mgFekg(-1) diet, respectively, while superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities, and glutathione content were increased by Fe levels up to 52.8-79.3mgkg(-1) diet. Results indicated that the optimal Fe improved growth, flesh quality and muscle antioxidant defence of young grass carp. Dietary Fe requirements for PWG, serum Fe and Hb of young grass carp (292-695g) were 73.5, 72.8 and 69.0mgkg(-1) diet, respectively.