Article
Fisheries
Xin Zhang, Jialong Shi, Yulong Sun, Yilei Wang, Ziping Zhang
Summary: This study discovered the immune regulation mechanism of shrimp in response to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection after eyestalk ablation. RNASeq and KEGG analysis revealed that eyestalk ablation might activate the neuroendocrine-immune system. The expression of genes involved in the prophenoloxidase activating system and TLR signaling pathway were affected by eyestalk ablation. These findings shed light on the immune response mechanism of shrimp and provide a framework for building crustacean immunity theory.
FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Marine
Yundong Li, Shigui Jiang, Hongdi Fan, Qibin Yang, Song Jiang, Jianhua Huang, Lishi Yang, Wenwen Zhang, Xu Chen, Falin Zhou
Summary: This study investigated the expression and impact of Na+/H+-exchanger in Penaeus monodon under high-concentration ammonia nitrogen stress. The findings showed that PmNHE was expressed in various organs and its expression was up-regulated in response to high levels of ammonia nitrogen. The study suggested that PmNHE may have a significant impact on environments with high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen.
JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Shubo Jin, Yin Fu, Yuning Hu, Hongtuo Fu, Sufei Jiang, Yiwei Xiong, Hui Qiao, Wenyi Zhang, Yongsheng Gong, Yan Wu
Summary: The eyestalk of crustacean species plays a significant role in the regulation of male sexual development, with its ablation leading to increased vigor in testis development. Transcriptome profiling revealed differentially expressed genes and enriched metabolic pathways, indicating a more pronounced regulatory effect of double-side eyestalk ablation. The study also highlighted the positive regulatory effect of NFkB alpha on testis development in Macrobrachium nipponense.
FRONTIERS IN GENETICS
(2021)
Article
Fisheries
Hongdi Fan, Yundong Li, Qibin Yang, Song Jiang, Lishi Yang, Jianhua Huang, Shigui Jiang, Falin Zhou
Summary: The study cloned a MAPKK cDNA from black tiger shrimp and found that it plays a crucial role in stress resistance and immunity. The expression of PmMAPKK was highest in the ovary and varied in different tissues and developmental stages. In bacterial infection and low-salinity stress experiments, PmMAPKK expression levels were significantly altered, affecting the mortality rate of shrimp under stress conditions. The activation of ERK, JNK, and p38 signaling pathways suggested complex regulatory mechanisms in the MAPK signaling pathway. These results indicate the involvement of PmMAPKK in the innate immune mechanism of P. monodon and its adaptation to low-salinity environments.
AQUACULTURE REPORTS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Marine
Yundong Li, Falin Zhou, Hongdi Fan, Song Jiang, Qibin Yang, Jianhua Huang, Lishi Yang, Xu Chen, Wenwen Zhang, Shigui Jiang
Summary: MKK4 is a key component of the JNK signaling pathway and plays a crucial role in immunity and stress adaptation. The gene expression of PmMKK4 varies in response to bacterial infections and low-salinity stress, indicating its importance in innate immunity and environmental adaptation.
JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Fisheries
Meng-Ru Si, Yun-Dong Li, Shi-Gui Jiang, Qi-Bin Yang, Song Jiang, Li-Shi Yang, Jian-Hua Huang, Xu Chen, Fa-Lin Zhou
Summary: Members of the ELF subfamily, including PmE74 in Penaeus monodon, play important roles in the immune stress process by regulating immune responses and the development of immune-related cells. PmE74 is expressed in various tissues and its expression varies in response to different pathogens and low salt stress. The study also found a significant association between PmE74 and low salt tolerance traits in P. monodon.
FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Zongyu Liu, Xin Jin, Yulin Miao, Ping Wang, Yang Gu, Xiaozhao Shangguan, Lijing Chen, Guiling Wang
Summary: C-Mos, a proto-oncogene, regulates oocyte maturation by activating the classical MAPK pathway in cells. This study identified C-Mos in Hyriopsis cumingii and found that it is highly expressed during early gonad development, indicating its involvement in gonadal development in this species. Knockdown of C-Mos resulted in down-regulation of ERK and P90rsk.
Article
Fisheries
Shuang Liang, Chuigen Zeng, Jian Liang, Xuan Luo, Xiaolong Gao, Caihuan Ke, Yongren Li, Limei Chen, Huiru Liu, Yongjun Guo
Summary: This study investigated the effects of eyestalk ablation on growth, feeding behavior, circadian movement activity, and circadian gene expression in the abalone Haliotis discus hannai. Eyestalk ablation was found to promote growth and increase feeding rate in abalones, particularly during nocturnal feeding. Eyestalk ablation also affected the timing of peak population movement proportion and weakened the rhythmic oscillation significance of clock gene expression in abalone.
AQUACULTURE REPORTS
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Bi-Yun Luo, Xiang Fang, Cheng-Zhi Wang, Cheng-Jie Yao, Zhen Li, Xue-Ying He, Xin-Yi Xiong, Chi-Zhen Xie, Xing-Lin Lai, Zhen-Hua Zhang, Gao-Feng Qiu
Summary: In this study, two GnRH-like peptides were isolated and identified from the brain tissues of Chinese mitten crab. Immunolocalization showed the presence of these peptides in the brain, ovary, and hepatopancreas. The synthetic peptides were found to induce oocyte maturation. This study provides the first direct evidence of the existence of GnRH-like peptides in the crab and demonstrates their conserved role in oocyte maturation as a primitive neurohormone.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
(2023)
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Dan Cheng, Wenyi Zhang, Sufei Jiang, Yiwei Xiong, Shubo Jin, Fangyan Pan, Junpeng Zhu, Yongsheng Gong, Yan Wu, Hui Qiao, Hongtuo Fu
Summary: This study identified the important role of cathepsin D in ovarian maturation of the oriental river prawn. By using RNA interference, the researchers successfully inhibited ovarian maturation, providing a potential approach for controlling ovarian maturation in aquaculture of Macrobrachium nipponense.
Article
Fisheries
Meng-Ru Si, Yun-Dong Li, Shi-Gui Jiang, Qi-Bin Yang, Song Jiang, Li-Shi Yang, Jian-Hua Huang, Xu Chen, Fa-Lin Zhou
Summary: In this study, a novel RNA-binding protein, PmCSDE1, was identified in shrimp and found to play a key role in immunological stress regulation. PmCSDE1 was widely expressed in all tissues and downregulated in hepatopancreas and gill tissues under low salt stress. Knockdown of PmCSDE1 resulted in increased shrimp mortality. Additionally, two SNPs in the PmCSDE1 genome were found to be significantly associated with low-salt tolerance. These findings provide a foundation for further research on resistance breeding and the study of low-salt tolerant strains in shrimp.
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Eden Magana-Gallegos, Miguel Arevalo, Gerard Cuzon, Gabriela Gaxiola
Summary: The study found that females cultured in the biofloc system had a higher egg production, but similar total spawning frequency per week. Females without eyestalk ablation had the highest nutrient reserves in the hepatopancreas, while those with eyestalk ablation and cultured in biofloc or clear-water systems had lower reserves. Overall, both eyestalk ablation and pre-maturation culture conditions affected the quality of eggs in L. vannamei.
ANIMAL REPRODUCTION SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Maria M. Rodrigues, Laura S. Lopez Greco, Luis Carlos F. De Almeida, Giovana Bertini
Summary: Eyestalk ablation does not improve reproductive performance in Macrobrachium acanthurus farming, as it has no effect on ovarian development and maturation.
ANAIS DA ACADEMIA BRASILEIRA DE CIENCIAS
(2022)
Article
Fisheries
Yundong Li, Falin Zhou, Ningning Su, Song Jiang, Qibin Yang, Jianhua Huang, Lishi Yang, Shigui Jiang
Summary: Transcriptome sequencing of the gonadal tissue of black tiger shrimp identified important sex-related pathways and genes, providing insights into the mechanism and regulation of shrimp gonadal development. The results contribute to improving the breeding of black tiger shrimp in captivity.
AQUACULTURE RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Wanita Semchuchot, Charoonroj Chotwiwatthanakun, Wanida Santimanawong, Thanapong Kruangkum, Prawporn Thaijongrak, Boonsirm Withyachumnarnkul, Rapeepun Vanichviriyakit
Summary: This study analyzed the transcriptome of Penaeus monodon mandibular organ (MO) and identified potential genes encoding enzymes and regulatory proteins involved in the sesquiterpenoid pathway. Among these genes, S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, short chain dependent dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR), etc., were found. The expression of PmJHAMT in MO cells was validated and it was found to be regulated by eyestalk inhibitory peptides.
GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Fisheries
Sukham Munilkumar, Yumnam Rameshori, W. Romen Mangang, Makamguang Kamei, Yengkhom Chinglemba, Annam Pavan-Kumar, Bijay Kali Mahapatra, Arabinda Das, Md. Abu Hanif, Muhammad Abu Bakar Siddik
Summary: The length-weight relationships of six Nemacheilid species were analyzed through quarterly sampling. New maximum total length was documented for five species.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Fisheries
Murugesan Srihari, Susanthi Silpa, Annam Pavan-Kumar, Yaron Tikochinski, Daniel Golani, Binaya Bushan Nayak, Shashi Bushan, Zeba Jaffer Abidi
Summary: The study found differences in genetic diversity of Nemipterus randalli between its native and non-native regions, with fewer haplotypes in the invasive Mediterranean Sea region and higher diversity values in native India populations. A significant genetic differentiation was observed between Indian and Mediterranean populations, with distinct haplogroups identified in the mitochondrial DNA analysis.
MEDITERRANEAN MARINE SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Fisheries
Jahan Iffat, V. K. Tiwari, A. Pavan-Kumar, A. K. Verma, V Harikrishna, A. M. Babitha Rani, N. K. Chadha, Garima Anand
Summary: The study found that 100% survival rate was observed in Common Carp under four tested groundwater salinity conditions, with salinity significantly affecting somatic growth and reproductive performance, and the optimal salinity for their maturation was determined to be 5 parts per thousand.
NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE
(2021)
Article
Parasitology
V. R. Vandana, Nalini Poojary, Gayatri Tripathi, A. Pavan-Kumar, M. G. Pratapa, N. K. Sanil, K. Rajendran
Summary: A novel myxozoan parasite was identified in mudskipper in Maharashtra, India. It was named Ellipsomyxa boleophthalmi sp. nov. and showed unique morphological and molecular features. This is the first report of the genus Ellipsomyxa in B. dussumieri.
PARASITOLOGY RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Ecology
Murugesan SriHari, Susanthi Silpa, Annam Pavan-Kumar, Shashi Bhushan, Binaya Bushan Nayak, Zeba Jaffer Abidi
Summary: This study investigated the stock structure of the Greater Lizardfish along the west coast of India using morphology, otolith shape, meristic traits, and mt-DNA D-loop region. While morphological divergence was observed for body and otolith shape among different sampling regions, meristic traits and D-loop sequences indicated the presence of a single panmictic population. The findings are important for formulating stock-specific management measures for S. tumbil in the region.
MARINE BIOLOGY RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Sangeetha M. Nair, Kavita Kumari, Annam Pavan Kumar, Rajeev Raghavan, A. K. Jaiswar
Summary: The taxonomic status and geographical distribution of Mystus tengara remain vague, with four cryptic species identified through comparative morphometric and genetic analysis. Further confirmation on the identity of M. vittatus and M. carcio is required based on an integrated taxonomic approach.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTS
(2022)
Article
Marine & Freshwater Biology
S. M. Ajina, Y. Gladston, M. SriHari, R. Kiruba-Sankar, Annam Pavan-Kumar, S. Dam Roy, A. K. Jaiswar
Summary: The blacklash scorpion fish, Pontinus nigerimum, was previously reported in the Western Indian Ocean. The species is characterized by specific fin rays and other physical features. Its identity was further confirmed using partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene.
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Raju Ram, Annam Pavan-Kumar, Chandan Haldar, Gireesh-Babu Pathakota, Kiran Rasal, Aparna Chaudhari
Summary: This study cloned and characterized the IGF2 and IGFBP6 genes in the Indian catfish, suggesting a significant role of IGF2 in regulating growth. These findings could potentially lead to the development of growth-associated markers for catfish.
ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Fisheries
Chandan Haldar, Raju Ram, Pavan-Kumar Annam, Gireesh-Babu Pathakota, Prakash Koringa, Chaitanya G. Joshi, Aparna Chaudhari
Summary: This study compares the expression of three growth-associated genes, IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGFALS, in genetically selected high and low growth performing families of Clarias magur. The results show differential expression of IGF-II and IGFALS between the two groups, with higher expression in the high performing family. Additionally, the study reveals that IGF-I is significantly expressed in both the liver and muscle of magur, unlike other fish species where IGF-I is the major component in the somatotropic axis.
AQUACULTURE RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Ecology
Murugesan SriHari, Annam Pavan-Kumar, Barry C. Russell, Daniel Golani, Zeba Jaffer Abidi, Loveson Edward
Summary: Nemipterus randalli is a commercially important fish species along the Indian coast. This study analyzed the genetic variation and divergence of N. randalli populations from Visakhapatnam and other regions. The results revealed distinct populations and highlighted the need for conservation efforts and further studies.
MARINE BIOLOGY RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Annam Pavan-Kumar, Shubham Varshney, Sonal Suman, Rekha Das, A. Chaudhari, G. Krishna
Summary: In this study, the f-type mitochondrial genome of L. marginalis was sequenced and compared with other Unionidae species. The results revealed the phylogenetic relationship between L. marginalis and the Unionidae family. This information is important for understanding the evolutionary pattern of the species in the Parreysiinae subfamily.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTS
(2022)
Article
Fisheries
Gulshan Kumar, P. Gireesh-Babu, K. V. Rajendran, Mukunda Goswami, Aparna Chaudhari
Summary: Three decades after its first outbreak, the shrimp white spot virus (WSV) is still a global cause of concern. The pathogenesis of WSV is not clearly understood, despite the identification of several candidate host receptor proteins. In this study, protein-protein docking was used to evaluate the interaction between the WSV envelope protein VP28 and four host receptors. Furthermore, gain-of-function experiments confirmed that none of the receptors alone were sufficient to make cells permissive to WSV, suggesting the involvement of co-receptors.
FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Annam Pavan-Kumar, Shubra Singh, Archana Mishra, Sonal Suman, P. Gireesh-Babu, A. Chaudhari, Kang-Ning Shen, Philippe Borsa
Summary: The present study characterized the complete mitochondrial genome of the Blue-spotted maskray, Neotrygon indica, and analyzed its evolutionary relationship within the Dasyatidae family. The study found distinct characteristics of N. indica through comparative mitogenomics and revealed variations in codon usage among different species of the family. The phylogenetic tree indicated a sister relationship between the Dasyatinae and Neotrygoninae subfamilies, with N. indica forming a sister species to a clade consisting of N. varidens and N. orientalis.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
(2022)
Review
Fisheries
Murugesan SriHari, Annam Pavan-Kumar, Pandian Krishnan, Karankumar Ramteke, Kathirvelpandian Ayyathurai, Giribhavan Sreekanth, Ashok kumar Jaiswar
Summary: A meta-analysis was conducted on fishstock identification research in India between 2000 and 2021. The study found that the common methods used for stock identification were mtDNA sequencing, microsatellite markers, and truss morphometrics. Most of the studies focused on teleosts caught from the wild populations. The study highlighted the need for strengthening stock identification studies and addressing the limitations in research, such as the lack of studies on marine species and elasmobranchs.
MARINE AND FRESHWATER RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sangeetha M. M. Nair, A. Pavan Kumar, L. Kosygin Singh, B. B. Nayak, A. K. Jaiswar
Summary: A deformed specimen from a fish market in West Bengal, India was studied and compared with a normal specimen from the same location. The deformed specimen exhibited a shorter upper jaw, a blunt front part of the head, and a reduced snout length. No significant variation was observed in meristic characters. Possible causes for the deformity include chemical contaminants, dietary limitations or excesses, temperature variations, or genetic mutation during larval development. This is the first report of pug head deformity in Mystus tengara from India.
NATIONAL ACADEMY SCIENCE LETTERS-INDIA
(2023)
Article
Fisheries
Hunter S. Bailey, Ashley N. Fincannon, Lee A. Fuiman
Summary: This study investigated the transfer of fatty acids from broodstock diets to eggs and the time needed for the eggs to equilibrate to the diet in Southern flounder. The findings indicate that different diet treatments significantly affect the fatty acid composition of eggs, and it takes 8-16 weeks for the eggs to adapt to changes in the adult diet. These results are important for improving broodstock diets and feeding protocols in stock-enhancement programs.
Article
Fisheries
Yu Liu, Mingtao Lei, Hector Victor, Yan Wang
Summary: This study confirms the feasibility of replacing raw fish diet with a formulated diet in commercial farming of large yellow croaker, which can increase fish survival and yield, and reduce feed cost and body lipid deposition.
Article
Fisheries
Xiaoyan Zhang, Lize San, Yucong Yang, Yuehong Tao, Jiangong Ren, Yufeng Liu, Zhongwei He, Jiashuo Di, Ziteng Pei, Guixing Wang, Jilun Hou
Summary: Gynogenesis is an effective technique for establishing homogeneous lines and confirming potential chromosomal mechanisms of sex determination in fish. This study successfully induced gynogenetic families in Thamnaconus modestus and established a complete method for gynogenesis induction.
Article
Fisheries
Julieta C. Martinelli, Megan Considine, Helen R. Casendino, Carolyn M. Tarpey, Isadora Jimenez-Hidalgo, Jacqueline L. Padilla-Gamino, Teri L. King, Lorenz Hauser, Steven Rumrill, Chelsea L. Wood
Summary: Shell-boring polychaetes have caused significant damage to mariculture operations worldwide, particularly in the US Pacific region. This study provides a comprehensive dataset on the prevalence, species distribution, and environmental associations of these parasites, highlighting the impact of season, culturing methods, and environmental factors on infestation.
Article
Fisheries
Juan Gao, Xueshan Li, Kangle Lu, Kai Song, Jian Zhang, Ling Wang, Chunxiao Zhang
Summary: This study investigated the effects of dietary protein levels on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, digestive enzyme activity, and metamorphosis rate of bullfrog tadpoles. The optimal dietary protein level for bullfrog tadpoles was estimated to be 42.49%-46.50% of the diet.
Article
Fisheries
Qiang Li, Lijun Duan, Dongsheng Jin, Yuxin Chen, Yirong Lou, Qianjin Zhou, Zhongjie Xu, Fangjie Chen, Hongxian Chen, Guizong Xu, Maocang Yan, Guanjun Yang, Jianfei Lu, Yanjun Zhang, Jiong Chen
Summary: This study developed a centrifugal microfluidic chip with on-chip RPA to detect five pathogenic microorganisms. The chip enabled the parallel analysis of six genetic markers from a single sample and allowed for the highly automated detection of multiple samples. Compared with PCR and DNA sequencing, the on-chip RPA assay showed high sensitivity and specificity for detecting multiple pathogens in shrimp aquaculture.
Article
Fisheries
Xingchen Huo, Pengxu Wang, Fengxia Zhao, Qian Liu, Qingqing Tian, Lingjie Tang, Maolin Lv, Zhaohui Wei, Chunrong Yang, Jianguo Su
Summary: Bacterial diseases in aquaculture ponds have negative effects on sustainable development. The use of composite I20 biotherapy has been shown to effectively treat bacterial diseases in bullfrog ponds, providing a new strategy for controlling bacterial diseases in aquaculture.
Article
Fisheries
Peng Yin, Takaya Saito, Per Gunnar Fjelldal, Bjorn Tharandur Bjornsson, Sofie Charlotte Remo, Sandeep Sharma, Rolf Erik Olsen, Kristin Hamre
Summary: This study aims to investigate the effect of seasonal changes in temperature and photoperiod on the redox metabolism of Atlantic salmon at the molecular level. The research findings suggest that the changing photoperiod and temperature influenced the redox metabolism of Atlantic salmon, highlighting the importance of oxidative status in the ecological implications.
Article
Fisheries
Nicholas Oppong Mensah, Jeffery Kofi Asare, Emmanuel Tetteh-Doku Mensah, Ernest Christlieb Amrago, Frank Osei Tutu, Anthony Donkor
Summary: This study investigates aquaculture farmers' preference for climate-smart aquaculture insurance products, the challenges they face, and their preferred insurance coverage. The results show that farmers prefer Climate-Induced Aquaculture Stock Mortality Insurance and the most significant constraint is the delay in claim settlement.
Article
Fisheries
Qiu-Ping Chai, Pei Wu, Wei-Dan Jiang, Yang Liu, Hong-Mei Ren, Xiao-Wan Jin, Lin Feng, Xiao-Qiu Zhou
Summary: The study found that appropriate levels of potassium diformate (KDF) can enhance the immune defense and mediate the inflammatory process in fish, possibly through the regulation of T cell differentiation via JAK-STAT and NF-kappa B signaling pathways.
Article
Fisheries
Tian Zhu, Haomin Jia, Haopeng Zhang, Yujing Xiao, Cui Han, Jiaxin Yang
Summary: Chicken manure has significant effects on the cultivation of Chlorella and rotifers. The optimal amount of chicken manure extract for continuous cultivation is 10 mLL-1. Chicken manure can promote the growth of Chlorella and improve the fatty acid composition, indirectly enhancing the growth condition and fatty acid content of rotifers.
Article
Fisheries
Zheng Luo, Yang Yu, Zhenning Bao, Fuhua Li
Summary: This study analyzed the heritability and genetic correlation of two growth traits in Pacific white shrimp and evaluated the genomic prediction using different genomic selection models. The results showed that the NeuralNet model had the highest prediction accuracy and better prospects for predicting shrimp growth traits.
Article
Fisheries
Alberto Ruiz, Ignasi Sanahuja, Karl B. Andree, Dolors Furones, Paul G. Holhorea, Josep A. Calduch-Giner, Jose J. Pastor, Marc Vinas, Jaume Perez-Sanchez, Sofia Morais, Enric Gisbert
Summary: Supplementing diets with a combination of spice oleoresins can reduce lipid accumulation and inflammation in farmed fish. The combination of spice oleoresins also has an immunomodulatory effect on the fish's intestinal immune system, potentially offering anti-inflammatory benefits.
Article
Fisheries
Beibei Zhao, Renhui Mei, Le Li, Di Hu, Lei Li
Summary: This study reveals that JfCXCL8_L1a and JfCXCL8_L1b have different immune pathways, and JfCXCL8_L1b plays a significant role in enhancing the adaptive immunity of T cell-dependent antigen.
Article
Fisheries
Yuhang Liu, Danying Cao, Nan Wu, Xuyang Zhao, Qingsong Zhu, Lian Su, Fatima Altaf, Qianqian Zhang, Haokun Liu, Yongming Li, Bruno Hamish Unger, Yingyin Cheng, Wanting Zhang, Aihua Li, Yaping Wang, Xiao-Qin Xia
Summary: Based on previous research, sinomenine has been found to protect mucosal immunity in farmed fish species by preventing intestinal pathological changes and regulating gene expression related to inflammation. It also enhances immune homeostasis and controls the growth of pathogenic bacteria.