Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Raquel Catalan-Carrio, Tugce Akyazi, Lourdes Basabe-Desmonts, Fernando Benito-Lopez
Summary: The main challenge for the expansion and mass production of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices lies in the lack of fluid flow control due to uncontrolled fabrication protocols. The key to addressing this issue is to generate uniform and reliable microfluidic channels and optimize the fabrication process. Wax printing is the most common method, which requires analysis and optimization of parameters such as device shape, wax barrier width, and internal area.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Yu-Qi Liu, Bin Ji, Xiang-Hong Yan, Shuang Lv, Fang Fang, Xiao-Lin Guo, Zhi-Yong Wu
Summary: The study introduces a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (PAD) with pre-concentration and parallel operation functions for sensitive and high throughput detection. The PAD features fast and multiplexed operations, enabling online calibration and sample detection on the same chip. Applications include online colorimetric detection and offline MS/MS detection, as well as efficient pre-separation and pre-concentration of complex samples.
MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Ricardo Brito-Pereira, Clarisse Ribeiro, Pedro Costa, Vitor Correia, Vanessa F. Cardoso, Senentxu Lanceros-Mendez
Summary: The study proposes multifunctional hydrophobic composites with conductive graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) integrated into the wax matrix to achieve a dual role of barrier and heater. With post-thermal curing, wax prints with mechanical stability and adequate impregnation can achieve controlled temperatures ranging from room temperature to approximately 107 degrees Celsius in just 10 seconds. This technology has great potential to meet the increasing demand for versatile and effective microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (mu PADs).
ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Nachiket Kelkar, Akshata Prabhu, Anusha Prabhu, M. S. Giri Nandagopal, Naresh Kumar Mani
Summary: Paper has long been used for testing analytes, but with the rapid growth of populations in isolated areas, there is now demand for easy-to-transport, low-cost, and rapid diagnostic methods. Hormones serve as crucial biomarkers in detecting specific physiological conditions, holding great potential for detection using paper-based devices.
MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Sera Ohta, Ryuya Hiraoka, Yuki Hiruta, Daniel Citterio
Summary: This article introduces a traffic light-like microfluidic paper-based analytical device that allows intuitive semi-quantitative analysis without the need for calibration or subjective interpretation. The device displays assay results as traffic light colors and has been designed to eliminate the risk of misinterpretation. The device relies on sample flow modulation through paperfluidic channels to achieve the desired readout. The platform has been successfully demonstrated for glucose quantification in artificial urine as a proof-of-concept.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
James S. Ng, Michinao Hashimoto
Summary: This paper introduces a method of utilizing FDM printing to fabricate paper-based analytical devices with three-dimensional features, using two types of thermoplastics to overcome limitations related to organic solvents in traditional PADs. The study validated the capability and potential applications of 3D-PADs in holding increased amounts of liquid samples and demonstrated colorimetric assays for organic solvent-based reactions.
Article
Polymer Science
Yi-Je Juang, Shu-Kai Hsu
Summary: Since 2007, research and development of paper-based microfluidics has been widely conducted. It possesses various advantages and applications in different fields. In this study, fabrication of paper-based microfluidics was demonstrated by spray on the printed paper, and glucose detection was successfully conducted using the microfluidic paper-based analytical devices.
Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Mariadel Mar Gonzalez del Campo, Andreu Vaquer, Roberto de la Rica
Summary: In recent years, paper has become a widely used material for developing various types of sensors, and a polymer-based toolbox has emerged to enhance the functionalities of these devices. This article compiles examples from recent literature on microfluidic systems and polymer-based transducers implemented in paper-based analytical platforms. The use of printing methods to pattern polymers allows for mass production of these advanced paper-based devices without requiring specialized facilities.
ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES
(2022)
Review
Chemistry, Analytical
Debayan Das, Manaswini Masetty, Aashish Priye
Summary: Paper-based diagnostics offer a cost-effective and portable alternative to traditional diagnostic methods. However, current paper-based serology tests lack the accuracy and sensitivity of molecular diagnostic tests. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) provides PCR-like performance while simplifying the assay complexity. This review discusses the integration of paper microfluidics with LAMP for improved accuracy and versatility in point-of-care testing.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Iain Macleod Briongos, Zachary D. Call, Charles S. Henry, David L. Bark Jr
Summary: Small, single-layer microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) show potential for point-of-care applications, but their flow rates have been limited. In this study, we investigate the use of laser-cut paper channels to maximize flow rate in small profile devices. Our results show that branching, laser-cut grooves can significantly improve flow rate by 59.23-73.98% compared to a single cut, and by 435% compared to paper alone. These design considerations can be applied to more complex microfluidic devices to increase flow rates and for self-pumping stand-alone channels.
MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Suchanat Boonkaew, Ilhoon Jang, Eka Noviana, Weena Siangproh, Orawon Chailapakul, Charles S. Henry
Summary: The study demonstrated an electrochemical paper-based analytical device (ePAD) combined with a label-free immunoassay for the simultaneous determination of three important cardiovascular disease biomarkers. The ePAD showed good linearity, low detection limits, and good reproducibility, enabling the simultaneous detection of the three biomarkers in serum samples. The proposed immunosensor can be a great alternative for the early detection of cardiovascular diseases at the point-of-care.
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Thi Xoan Hoang, Le Minh Tu Phan, Thuy Anh Thu Vo, Sungbo Cho
Summary: Paper-based analytical devices (PADs) are a promising approach for point-of-care detection in biomedical and clinical diagnosis due to their cost-effectiveness, ease of use, and rapid responses. However, their overall sensitivity remains weak, posing a challenge for biosensing scientists. Advances in signal-amplification strategies offer potential for improving PADs in clinical applications.
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Azim Parandakh, Oriol Ymbern, William Jogia, Johan Renault, Andy Ng, David Juncker
Summary: Researchers have developed a novel chip-based ELISA technology that enables rapid and highly sensitive antibody detection. The chip simplifies chip loading and pipetting through autonomous aliquoting functionality, and can accommodate higher surfactant concentrations. The ELISA chip can complete the assay in 1.5 hours and exhibits comparable accuracy and performance to central laboratory ELISA.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Alessia Cioffi, Marco Mancini, Valentina Gioia, Stefano Cinti
Summary: The use of a paper-based electrochemical biosensor for quantifying organophosphorus pesticides offers a sustainable and portable solution with advantages such as low detection limits and reduced waste disposal compared to plastic-based strips. The sensors have demonstrated good recovery percentages in soil and fruit vegetable samples, showing potential for field measurements, and have shown a good correlation with LC-MS analysis.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
He Li, Jiayi Cui, Zhibin Yan, Mingliang Jin, Yu Zheng, Guofu Zhou, Lingling Shui
Summary: Paper-based microfluidic devices based on electrowetting principle were fabricated using cellulose paper and paraffin wax, with key fabrication parameters optimized. Devices fabricated by the spray-coating method showed larger contact angle changes under DC electric field.
RESULTS IN PHYSICS
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yueyue Pan, Zhen Qin, Sina Kheiri, Binbin Ying, Peng Pan, Ran Peng, Xinyu Liu
Summary: The article presents a visible light-induced printing technique for highly conductive silver patterns on nanopaper, which is simple and cost-effective and can be used for fabricating flexible circuits and biosensors.
ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Biophysics
Ran Peng, Yueyue Pan, Zhijie Li, Zhen Qin, James M. Rini, Xinyu Liu
Summary: The study developed a portable and low-cost electrochemical immunosensor for rapid and accurate quantification of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, specifically IgG and IgM. It can provide quantitative measurements in a short assay time, making it suitable for rapid COVID-19 serological testing for both point-of-care diagnosis and population immunity screening.
BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS
(2022)
Review
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Juntian Qu, Xinyu Liu
Summary: Functional nanomaterials possess exceptional physical properties and have diverse applications. Accurate and efficient characterization of the multi-physical properties of these materials is necessary for understanding and guiding their usage. MEMS-based platforms, with merits such as high accuracy and compatibility with high-resolution imaging, have been developed for this purpose.
IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Automation & Control Systems
Juntian Qu, Renjie Wang, Peng Pan, Linghao Du, Zetian Mi, Yu Sun, Xinyu Liu
Summary: Nanomaterials possess superior properties and are suitable for various device applications. Nanomanipulation techniques under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have enabled the testing of mechanical and electrical properties of nanomaterials. However, the seamless integration of mechanical, electrical, and optical testing techniques inside an SEM for multiphysical characterization of nanomaterials is still unexplored. In this work, a nanomanipulation system with integrated micro-photoluminescence setup is reported, and the effect of mechanical compression on the optoelectronic property of nanomaterials is revealed.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AUTOMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Xian Wang, Tiancong Wang, Xin Chen, Junhui Law, Guanqiao Shan, Wentian Tang, Zheyuan Gong, Peng Pan, Xinyu Liu, Jiangfan Yu, Changhai Ru, Xi Huang, Yu Sun
Summary: This study presents a robotic technique that controls the concentration of fluorescent dyes inside cells for high SNR intracellular measurements, revealing pH gradient and calcium changes inside cells. The robotic swarm system enables precise positioning of small swarms inside cells, leading to significant advancements in intracellular measurements compared to traditional global dye treatment methods.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Wenwen Yuan, Hang Yuan, Keran Jiao, Jia Zhu, Eng Gee Lim, Ivona Mitrovic, Sixuan Duan, Yongjie Wang, Shan Cong, Chun Zhao, Jie Sun, Xinyu Liu, Pengfei Song
Summary: Nanofibrillated cellulose paper (nanopaper) is a promising substrate material for paper-based microfluidics due to its smooth surface, high transparency, nanofiber matrix, and tunable properties. However, current patterning techniques have limitations. This paper presents a simple microembossing method for patterning nanopaper microchannels down to 200 μm, which is 4 times better than existing methods and time-saving. The developed microchannels enable the creation of high-performance nanopaper-based analytical devices.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Pengfei Xu, Shaojia Wang, Angela Lin, Hyun-Kee Min, Zhanfeng Zhou, Wenkun Dou, Yu Sun, Xi Huang, Helen Tran, Xinyu Liu
Summary: To mimic the functions of biological systems, electronic tools that can interact with biological tissues with matched softness are needed. However, currently there is no solvent-free, ultrasoft and conductive elastomer that meets these requirements. This article presents a solvent-free, ultrasoft and conductive PDMS bottlebrush elastomer (BBE) composite with single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as conductive fillers. The conductive SWCNT/BBE material exhibits an ultralow Young's modulus (<11 kPa) and satisfactory conductivity (>2 S/m), as well as good adhesion property. Ultrasoft electronics based on this material are fabricated using laser cutting and 3D printing, and their potential applications in wearable sensing, soft robotics, and electrophysiological recording are demonstrated.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Pengfei Song, Pengfei Ou, Yongjie Wang, Hang Yuan, Sixuan Duan, Longyan Chen, Hao Fu, Jun Song, Xinyu Liu
Summary: In this article, an ultrasensitive FET biosensor based on two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanolayers was reported for label-free detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The biosensor utilizes vertically-aligned MoS2 nanolayers (VAMNs) grown by chemical vapor deposition, which enables easy fabrication and mass device production. The VAMNs possess abundant surface-exposed active edge sites with high binding affinity for thiol-based linkers, overcoming the challenge of molecule functionalization on conventional planar MoS2 nanolayers. The FET biosensor allows rapid and ultrasensitive PSA detection in human serum, offering excellent features for early-stage diagnosis of life-threatening diseases.
ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Xian Wang, Zheyuan Gong, Tiancong Wang, Junhui Law, Xin Chen, Siyi Wanggou, Jintian Wang, Binbin Ying, Michelle Francisco, Weifan Dong, Yi Xiong, Jerry J. Fan, Graham MacLeod, Stephane Angers, Xuejun Li, Peter B. Dirks, Xinyu Liu, Xi Huang, Yu Sun
Summary: Researchers have developed a mechanical approach using magnetic carbon nanotubes to treat chemoresistant glioblastoma (GBM). GBM cells can internalize the nanotubes and their mobilization by rotating magnetic fields leads to cell death. In vivo studies show that spatiotemporally controlled release of the nanotubes inhibits GBM growth. Functionalizing the nanotubes with an antibody that recognizes GBM cell surface antigen CD44 enhances their recognition of cancer cells and improves therapeutic efficacy. This study establishes the use of magnetic carbon nanotubes as a treatment option for GBM.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Peng Pan, Zhen Qin, William Sun, Yuxiao Zhou, Shaojia Wang, Pengfei Song, Yong Wang, Changhai Ru, Xin Wang, John Calarco, Xinyu Liu
Summary: This paper introduces a spiral microfluidic device that can effectively sort, trap, and long-term live image single C. elegans embryos under precise experimental conditions. The device utilizes Dean vortices generated inside a spiral microchannel to sort embryos and hydrodynamic traps on the sidewall of the spiral channel to trap the sorted embryos at single-cell resolution for long-term imaging. Through the controlled microenvironment inside the microfluidic device, the response of the trapped embryos to mechanical and chemical stimulation can be quantitatively measured. The device provides new avenues for easy, rapid, high-content screening of C. elegans embryos.
MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Automation & Control Systems
Guangming Cui, Pengsong Zhang, Xinyu Liu, Linbo Xie, Wentao Huang, Peng Pan, Juntian Qu, Qigao Fan
Summary: This article presents a new localized magnetic field generating system for independent control of multiple magnetic microrobots, enabling cooperative or parallel microassembly tasks. The performance of a novel circular microcoil is analyzed, validated by finite-element analysis and simulation, and an actuation and control strategy for microrobots is proposed. The microrobot's independent closed-loop control is realized based on visual feedback. The experimental platform demonstrates flexible and accurate movement of the microrobot with a tracking error within 0.444 mm, highlighting the system's potential in micromanipulation tasks.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Hao Fu, Zhen Qin, Xiao Li, Yueyue Pan, Haitong Xu, Peng Pan, Pengfei Song, Xinyu Liu
Summary: This paper introduces an electrochemical microfluidic paper-based device (E-mu PAD) with an all-in-one origami design for rapid testing of cardiac protein markers in whole blood. The E-mu PAD shows superior analytical performance and holds great potential for on-site screening of acute cardiovascular diseases in nonlaboratory settings.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Juntian Qu, Renjie Wang, Peng Pan, Linghao Du, Yu Sun, Xinyu Liu
Summary: In recent years, there have been significant advances in electroluminescent InGaN-based LEDs, which have the potential to revolutionize lighting and display technologies. The need for submicrometer-sized, multicolor light sources integrated on a single chip has led to the investigation of size-dependent electroluminescence properties of selective-area grown single InGaN-based nanowire LEDs. Additionally, the external mechanical compression induced by the packaging process in planar InGaN-based LEDs motivates the study of size-dependent electroluminescence properties of single nanowire LEDs under mechanical compression. The results demonstrate the superior optical and electrical robustness of single InGaN/GaN nanowire LEDs under mechanical compression.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Hao Fu, Zhen Qin, Xiao Li, Yueyue Pan, Haitong Xu, Peng Pan, Pengfei Song, Xinyu Liu
Summary: This paper presents a new diagnostic device for cardiovascular diseases, which can rapidly and accurately detect cardiac protein markers in blood samples in non-laboratory settings. The device utilizes a microfluidic paper-based platform and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) immunoassay, and demonstrates high sensitivity and multiplexed detection capability. Experimental results show that the device has comparable performance to commercial ELISA kits in terms of detection limits, analytical performance, and ease of use, making it a promising tool for on-site screening of cardiovascular diseases in emergency rooms, doctor's offices, and patient homes.
Proceedings Paper
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Tianyu Cai, Sixuan Duan, Hao Fu, Jia Zhu, Eng Gee Lim, Kaizhu Huang, Kai Hoettges, Xinyu Liu, Pengfei Song
Summary: This paper presents a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (muPAD) with a novel on-chip rotary valve, for autonomous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The rotary valve allows regulation of multiple flows with a single valve, resulting in easy assembly and high integration. The valve is programmable, reliable, and has a fast response time, making it a significant improvement over existing valves on muPADs.
2022 IEEE 35TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MICRO ELECTRO MECHANICAL SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (MEMS)
(2022)