Article
Immunology
Sarah A. Cooley, Brittany Nelson, Anna Boerwinkle, Kevin E. Yarasheski, Kris M. Kirmess, Matthew R. Meyer, Suzanne E. Schindler, John C. Morris, Anne Fagan, Beau M. Ances, Jane A. O'Halloran
Summary: The plasma amyloid-beta (A beta) 42/A beta 40 ratio, a blood-based biomarker for brain amyloid in Alzheimer disease, is not abnormal in older cognitively normal or cognitively impaired people with HIV.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Giulia Giacomucci, Salvatore Mazzeo, Silvia Bagnoli, Matteo Casini, Sonia Padiglioni, Cristina Polito, Valentina Berti, Juri Balestrini, Camilla Ferrari, Gemma Lombardi, Assunta Ingannato, Sandro Sorbi, Benedetta Nacmias, Valentina Bessi
Summary: This study compared different CSF amyloid biomarkers and amyloid-PET in patients with AD and FTD, finding that CSF A beta(42/40) ratio significantly increased the diagnostic accuracy, and suggested a flowchart for biomarker use based on clinical suspicion.
JOURNAL OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Bruno Dubois, Nicolas Villain, Giovanni B. Frisoni, Gil D. Rabinovici, Marwan Sabbagh, Stefano Cappa, Alexandre Bejanin, Stephanie Bombois, Stephane Epelbaum, Marc Teichmann, Marie-Odile Habert, Agneta Nordberg, Kaj Blennow, Douglas Galasko, Yaakov Stern, Christopher C. Rowe, Stephen Salloway, Lon S. Schneider, Jeffrey L. Cummings, Howard H. Feldman
Summary: The use of biomarkers in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease has limitations and should be used cautiously in a clinical setting, restricted to individuals with specific phenotypes and positive biomarkers. Biomarker-positive cognitively unimpaired individuals should be considered at-risk for progression to Alzheimer's disease.
Review
Chemistry, Analytical
Xingyun Liu, Yibiao Liu, Qiong Liu
Summary: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory loss and cognitive impairment. Early diagnosis is crucial for intervention and treatment effectiveness assessment, but current clinical methods are costly and inaccessible. Blood sample detection offers a less invasive and more accessible alternative, with various assays developed for the detection of AD biomarkers. Fluorescence-sensing techniques, with their low toxicity and high sensitivity, can not only detect biomarker levels in blood but also image them in the brain in real time. This review summarizes the recent development of fluorescent sensing platforms and their potential clinical applications.
Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism
John Zhou, Marc Benoit, Md Golam Sharoar
Summary: Alzheimer's disease (AD) currently has no known cures or disease modifying treatments (DMTs), but early diagnosis and intervention during the pre-symptomatic phase is considered an effective strategy. Biomarkers have emerged as a critical tool for monitoring the effect of new AD therapies and identifying patients likely to respond to treatment. The establishment of the A/T/N framework in 2018 has codified the contexts of use of AD biomarkers for research and diagnostic purposes, leading to a renewed drive for novel biomarkers and innovative detection methods in the field.
METABOLIC BRAIN DISEASE
(2022)
Review
Clinical Neurology
Claire E. Sexton, Kaarin J. Anstey, Filippo Baldacci, C. J. Barnum, Anna M. Barron, Kaj Blennow, Henry Brodaty, Samantha Burnham, Fanny M. Elahi, Jurgen Gotz, Yun-Hee Jeon, Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui, Susan M. Landau, Nicola T. Lautenschlager, Simon M. Laws, Darren M. Lipnicki, Hanzhang Lu, Colin L. Masters, Wendy Moyle, Akinori Nakamura, Giulio Maria Pasinetti, Naren Rao, Christopher Rowe, Perminder S. Sachdev, Peter R. Schofield, Einar M. Sigurdsson, Kate Smith, Velandai Srikanth, Cassandra Szoeke, Malu G. Tansey, Rachel Whitmer, Donna Wilcock, Tien Y. Wong, Lisa J. Bain, Maria C. Carrillo
Summary: Australian researchers have taken a leading role in advancing the understanding and treatment developments for Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, with significant contributions such as the AIBL study. They have also focused on vascular contributions to cognitive impairment, risk factors for women, and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia.
ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA
(2022)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
J. L. Liss, S. Seleri Assuncao, J. Cummings, A. Atri, D. S. Geldmacher, S. F. Candela, D. P. Devanand, H. M. Fillit, J. Susman, J. Mintzer, T. Bittner, S. A. Brunton, D. R. Kerwin, W. C. Jackson, G. W. Small, G. T. Grossberg, C. K. Clevenger, V. Cotter, R. Stefanacci, A. Wise-Brown, M. N. Sabbagh
Summary: Timely diagnosis and collaboration between primary care clinicians and specialists are crucial in adapting to new treatment paradigms and disease-modifying therapies in Alzheimer's disease care.
JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Anuschka Silva-Spinola, Marisa Lima, Maria Joao Leitao, Catarina Bernardes, Joao Duraes, Diana Duro, Miguel Tabuas-Pereira, Isabel Santana, Ines Baldeiras
Summary: This study evaluated the potential of peripheral neurological biomarkers to predict progression to Alzheimer's disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and examined the relationship between blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers. The results showed that levels of NfL, GFAP, and p-Tau181 in the blood were significantly higher in patients who progressed to Alzheimer's disease. Combining blood-based GFAP, NfL, and p-Tau181 may serve as a prognostic tool for MCI.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Prashanthi Vemuri, Charles Decarli, Marco Duering
Summary: This focused review provides an update on current magnetic resonance imaging methods for measuring cerebrovascular disease lesions and early cerebrovascular disease-related brain injury. It discusses the clinical implications and relevance of these imaging markers for cognitive decline, incident dementia, and disease progression in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. The review also presents the outlook and challenges in the field.
Article
Clinical Neurology
Julie K. Wisch, Omar H. Butt, Brian A. Gordon, Suzanne E. Schindler, Anne M. Fagan, Rachel L. Henson, Chengran Yang, Anna H. Boerwinkle, Tammie L. S. Benzinger, David M. Holtzman, John C. Morris, Carlos Cruchaga, Beau M. Ances
Summary: Heterogeneity in progression to Alzheimer's disease poses challenges for prognosis and clinical trials. By analyzing CSF proteomics, researchers identified early differences in biomarkers and assessed patterns of preclinical AD development. These findings have important implications for participant selection and potential therapies in clinical trials.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Eleonora Ficiara, Zunaira Munir, Silvia Boschi, Maria Eugenia Caligiuri, Caterina Guiot
Summary: Proper functioning of all organs, including the brain, requires iron, which is present in different forms in biological fluids. Clinical parameters for monitoring iron concentration in biological fluids may not detect circulating iron accurately, while indirect measurements like magnetic resonance imaging need further validation.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Koen Delmotte, Jolien Schaeverbeke, Koen Poesen, Rik Vandenberghe
Summary: This retrospective longitudinal study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of CSF-based ATN classification for cognitive decline in a clinical setting over a 3-year period. Results showed that ATN classification, as well as individual CSF biomarkers, had a significant correlation with future cognitive decline, with the Aβ(42)/t-tau ratio showing the highest correlation.
ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY
(2021)
Review
Cell Biology
Dolores Siedlecki-Wullich, Alfredo J. Minano-Molina, Jose Rodriguez-Alvarez
Summary: miRNAs have emerged as promising biomarkers for early detection of synaptic dysfunction in AD and can distinguish between prodromal AD and healthy controls. Further validation studies and standardized protocols are needed for establishing miRNA-based biomarkers as reliable diagnostic and prognostic tools.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ling Wu, Nailya Gilyazova, John F. Ervin, Shih-Hsiu J. Wang, Bin Xu
Summary: Tau aggregates, a characteristic feature of tauopathies, can be differentiated and used as potential biomarkers using site-specific phospho-tau antibodies. We identified several novel phosphorylation sites and showed that p-tau198 is a promising AD biomarker that can also discriminate related tauopathies. Our work provides a new avenue for diagnosis and differentiation tools for AD and related tauopathies.
ACS CHEMICAL NEUROSCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Carmen Pena-Bautista, Lourdes Alvarez-Sanchez, Rosa Pascual, Maria Jose Moreno, Miguel Baquero, Consuelo Chafer-Pericas
Summary: This study evaluated the use of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in the differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. The results showed that the ratio of A beta 42/A beta 40 had the highest discriminating capacity between Alzheimer's disease and non-Alzheimer's disease patients, and could be useful in clinical practice. Additionally, elevated levels of neurofilament light chain (NfL) were found in the frontotemporal dementia group, suggesting its potential for the differential diagnosis of this condition.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
(2023)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Olin Janssen, Willemijn J. Jansen, Stephanie J. B. Vos, Merce Boada, Lucilla Parnetti, Tomasz Gabryelewicz, Tormod Fladby, Jose Luis Molinuevo, Sylvia Villeneuve, Jakub Hort, Stephane Epelbaum, Alberto Lleo, Sebastiaan Engelborghs, Wiesje M. van der Flier, Susan Landau, Julius Popp, Anders Wallin, Philip Scheltens, Marcel Olde Rikkert, Peter J. Snyder, Chris Rowe, Gael Chetelat, Agustin Ruiz, Marta Marquie, Elena Chipi, Steffen Wolfsgruber, Michael Heneka, Henning Boecker, Oliver Peters, Jonas Jarholm, Lorena Rami, Adria Tort-Merino, Alexa Pichet Binette, Judes Poirier, Pedro Rosa-Neto, Jiri Cerman, Bruno Dubois, Marc Teichmann, Daniel Alcolea, Juan Fortea, M. Belen Sanchez-Saudinos, Jarith Ebenau, Cornelia Pocnet, Marie Eckerstrom, Louisa Thompson, Victor Villemagne, Rachel Buckley, Samantha Burnham, Marion Delarue, Yvonne Freund-Levi, Asa K. Wallin, Inez Ramakers, Magda Tsolaki, Hilkka Soininen, Harald Hampel, Luiza Spiru, Betty Tijms, Rik Ossenkoppele, Frans R. J. Verhey, Frank Jessen, Pieter Jelle Visser
Summary: In addition to age, setting, and APOE ε4 carriership, specific characteristics of subjective cognitive decline may aid in identifying individuals with amyloid positivity.
ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA
(2022)
Article
Geriatrics & Gerontology
Yoni C. P. Sep, Anna E. Leeuwis, Lieza G. Exalto, Jooske M. Boomsma, Niels D. Prins, Jurre H. Verwer, Philip Scheltens, Wiesje M. van der Flier, Geert Jan Biessels, TRACE-VCI study group Behalf TRACE VCI Study Grp
Summary: This study examines the association between neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) and clinical outcomes in memory clinic patients with possible Vascular Cognitive Impairment (VCI). The findings reveal that NPS are common in this patient group and are associated with institutionalization, mortality, and cognitive deterioration. The association between NPS and clinical outcomes varies depending on the severity of cognitive impairment.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY
(2022)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Anne Catrien Baakman, Carmen Gavan, Lotte van Doeselaar, Marieke de Kam, Karen Broekhuizen, Ovidiu Bajenaru, Laura Camps, Eleonora L. Swart, Kees Kalisvaart, Niki Schoonenboom, Evelien Lemstra, Philip Scheltens, Adam Cohen, Joop van Gerven, Geert Jan Groeneveld
Summary: This study investigates the acute pharmacodynamic effects of galantamine in AD patients and finds that the acute changes in CNS functioning after a single dose of galantamine can predict long-term treatment response.
BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging
Denise Visser, Sander C. J. Verfaillie, Emma E. Wolters, Emma M. Coomans, Tessa Timmers, Hayel Tuncel, Ronald Boellaard, Sandeep S. V. Golla, Albert D. Windhorst, Philip Scheltens, Wiesje M. van der Flier, Bart N. M. van Berckel, Rik Ossenkoppele
Summary: Compared to LOAD, EOAD patients exhibit higher tau pathology levels but lower relative cerebral blood flow values, particularly in the medial temporal regions. The associations between lateral temporal and occipitoparietal tau pathology and relative cerebral blood flow with cognitive impairment are stronger in EOAD than in LOAD, suggesting different mechanisms underlying cognitive deficits in the two subtypes of Alzheimer's disease.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING
(2022)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Agnetha D. Fruijtier, Jetske van der Schaar, Ingrid S. van Maurik, Marissa D. Zwan, Philip Scheltens, Femke Bouwman, Yolande A. L. Pijnenburg, Bart N. M. van Berckel, Jarith Ebenau, Wiesje M. van der Flier, Ellen M. A. Smets, Leonie N. C. Visser
Summary: This study investigated the impact of six communication strategies on amyloid disclosure in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients. It found that risk communication best practices resulted in the highest information recall, while recall in emotional support was better than the basic and elaborate information strategies. Risk communication best practices also led to the highest uncertainty, while teach-back and emotional support contributed to the highest evaluations of the physician and information. Overall, risk communication best practices, attending to emotions, and teach-back techniques enhance information recall and contribute to positive care evaluations for amyloid-PET results.
ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA
(2023)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Francis Nicole Saridin, Kimberly Ann Chew, Anthonin Reilhac, Bibek Gyanwali, Steven Gayoles Villaraza, Tomotaka Tanaka, Phillip Scheltens, Wiesje M. van der Flier, Christopher Li Hsian Chen, Saima Hilal
Summary: This study found a high prevalence of cerebrovascular disease (CeVD) in individuals with Suspected non-Alzheimer's pathophysiology (SNAP), and SNAP patients with CeVD had a more rapid decline in global cognition over 5 years. Therefore, careful assessment and treatment for CeVD should be conducted in SNAP patients.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Mark A. Dubbelman, Caroline B. Terwee, Merike Verrijp, Leonie N. C. Visser, Philip Scheltens, Sietske A. M. Sikkes
Summary: The study established clinically meaningful scoring categories for the Amsterdam IADL questionnaire, providing guidance for clinicians to interpret scores and communicate with patients and caregivers effectively.
HEALTH AND QUALITY OF LIFE OUTCOMES
(2022)
Article
Neurosciences
Janne J. Luppi, Deborah N. Schoonhoven, Anne M. van Nifterick, Alida A. Gouw, Arjan Hillebrand, Philip Scheltens, Cornelis J. Stam, Willem de Haan
Summary: This study detected oscillatory abnormalities of the hippocampus in prodromal AD patients using MEG technology. Hippocampus-based classification performed better than cortex-based classification, which may improve early detection of AD-related neuronal dysfunction.
JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASE
(2022)
Article
Neurosciences
Pieter Jelle Visser, Lianne M. Reus, Johan Gobom, Iris Jansen, Ellen Dicks, Sven J. van der Lee, Magda Tsolaki, Frans R. J. Verhey, Julius Popp, Pablo Martinez-Lage, Rik Vandenberghe, Alberto Lleo, Jose Luis Molinuevo, Sebastiaan Engelborghs, Yvonne Freund-Levi, Lutz Froelich, Kristel Sleegers, Valerija Dobricic, Simon Lovestone, Johannes Streffer, Stephanie J. B. Vos, Isabelle Bos, August B. Smit, Kaj Blennow, Philip Scheltens, Charlotte E. Teunissen, Lars Bertram, Henrik Zetterberg, Betty M. Tijms
Summary: The levels of total tau (t-tau) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in AD are associated with changes in proteins related to neuronal plasticity and dysfunction of the blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers. These protein changes are disease traits and may affect treatment response. Therefore, future research may need to stratify based on CSF t-tau levels.
MOLECULAR NEURODEGENERATION
(2022)
Review
Geriatrics & Gerontology
Krista L. Lanctot, Zahinoor Ismail, Kritleen K. Bawa, Jeffrey L. Cummings, Masud Husain, Moyra E. Mortby, Philippe Robert
Summary: This narrative review discusses the clinical features of apathy and depression in individuals with neurocognitive disorders, aiming to differentiate the two syndromes based on clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, neuropathological features, and response to treatments.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY
(2023)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Jeffrey Cummings
Summary: Two anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies, lecanemab (Leqembi) and aducanumab (Aduhelm), have been approved in the USA for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. These breakthrough agents slow the clinical decline of AD by targeting the disease's basic biological processes, supporting the amyloid hypothesis and amyloid as a target for drug development. Monoclonal antibodies bring about a new era in AD therapy and open doors for the development of treatments for various neurodegenerative disorders.
Review
Psychology, Clinical
Mary Sano, Jeffrey Cummings, Stefanie Auer, Sverre Bergh, Corinne E. Fischer, Debby Gerritsen, George Grossberg, Zahinoor Ismail, Krista Lanctot, Maria I. Lapid, Jacobo Mintzer, Rebecca Palm, Paul B. Rosenberg, Michael Splaine, Kate Zhong, Carolyn W. Zhu
Summary: This article summarizes the use and validation of the provisional consensus definition of agitation in cognitive disorders published by the International Psychogeriatric Association (IPA) in 2015. It presents a finalized definition based on the review of academic literature, clinical guidelines, expert surveys, and patient and family advocates' experiences. The article also discusses the development of diagnostic tools and strategies for dissemination and integration of the definition into precision diagnosis and agitation interventions.
INTERNATIONAL PSYCHOGERIATRICS
(2023)
Review
Psychology, Clinical
Jeffrey Cummings, Mary Sano, Stefanie Auer, Sverre Bergh, Corinne E. Fischer, Debby Gerritsen, George Grossberg, Zahinoor Ismail, Krista Lanctot, Maria I. Lapid, Jacobo Mintzer, Rebecca Palm, Paul B. Rosenberg, Michael Splaine, Kate Zhong, Carolyn W. Zhu
Summary: The IPA Agitation Work Group develops an algorithm for reducing and preventing agitation, which emphasizes the integration of psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions, reiterative assessment of response to treatment, adjustment of therapeutic approaches, and shared decision-making. The algorithm includes different treatment choices for different levels of agitation.
INTERNATIONAL PSYCHOGERIATRICS
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ramakrishna Nirogi, Pradeep Jayarajan, Anil Shinde, Abdul Rasheed Mohammed, Venkata Ramalingayya Grandhi, Vijay Benade, Vinod Kumar Goyal, Renny Abraham, Venkat Jasti, Jeffrey Cummings
Summary: Serotonin-6 (5-HT6) receptor, a G-protein-coupled receptor, plays a key role in the regulation of various functions in the nervous system. Clinical studies have shown that 5-HT6 receptor antagonists have potential in treating cognitive deficits associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia. However, the outcomes of phase 3 trials for these antagonists have been disappointing. Masupirdine, a selective 5-HT6 receptor antagonist, has shown promise in reducing agitation/aggression-like behaviors in animal models and may have potential benefits for agitation and psychosis in AD, but further trials are needed.
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Jeffrey L. Cummings, Amanda M. Leisgang Osse, Jefferson W. Kinney
Summary: Novel agents targeting non-amyloid, non-tau proteins in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) account for 70% of the drugs currently in clinical trials. Inflammation and synaptic plasticity/neuroprotection are the most common categories for novel therapies in AD research. Multiple categories, including APOE4 effects, lipids and lipoprotein receptors, neurogenesis, and oxidative stress, are being evaluated. Biomarkers are evolving in parallel with new targets and novel agents, providing a means of supporting disease modification. The identification and development of novel targets offer an important opportunity for advancing new AD treatments.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Jeanne E. Conner, Joshua A. Steinberg
Summary: Diagnosis of anaphylaxis should involve comprehensive consideration, including detailed history and objective findings. Using diagnostic criteria and considering rare triggers, as well as evaluating for mast cell disorders, can aid in the diagnosis. Referral to specialists may be necessary.
MEDICAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA
(2024)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Alejandra Escobar Vasco, Julie -Ann Talano, Larisa Broglie
Summary: HLH is a rare but fatal disease, and maintaining a high level of suspicion is crucial for patients with evidence of hyperinflammation. Adolescents with HLH should undergo genetic evaluation for familial HLH, and primary immune deficiencies and dysregulation disorders should also be considered. Early diagnosis and treatment are necessary to prevent morbidity and mortality related to HLH's hyperinflammation.
MEDICAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA
(2024)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Kathleen Ryan
Summary: Fevers of unknown origin (FUO) present a diagnostic challenge, with a wide range of potential causes including infectious, autoimmune, and malignant. Some adolescents with FUO may never have an identifiable etiology, but the prognosis is generally favorable in the absence of red flag symptoms.
MEDICAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA
(2024)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Brett J. Bordini, Ryan D. Walsh, Donald Basel, Tejaswini Deshmukh
MEDICAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA
(2024)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Hsi Yen, Leah Lalor
Summary: The article emphasizes the importance of increased awareness among healthcare providers when faced with severe adolescent acne that may not be typical teenage acne. It provides a summary of uncommon causes of severe adolescent acne and a simplified diagnostic approach. Additionally, it discusses rare autoinflammatory syndromic causes of acne and acne associated with excess androgen states.
MEDICAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA
(2024)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Bethany Auble, Justin Dey
MEDICAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA
(2024)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Kaitlin V. Kirkpatrick, James J. Nocton
MEDICAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA
(2024)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Louella Amos
MEDICAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA
(2024)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Tracey Thompson, Ashley Phimister, Alexander Raskin
Summary: Heart failure occurs as a result of pressure or volume overload in congenital and acquired heart diseases, and its treatment varies depending on the underlying cause.
MEDICAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA
(2024)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Allison Remiker, Kristina Bolling, James Verbsky
Summary: CVID is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by abnormal B-cell differentiation and impaired production of specific immunoglobulin. Clinical manifestations vary and include recurrent bacterial infections, lymphoproliferation, autoimmunity, pulmonary disease, gastrointestinal disease, granulomas, and increased cancer risk. The diagnosis of CVID is complex, requiring exclusion of other causes of immunoglobulin deficiency and assessment based on clinical criteria models. Treatment involves regular immunoglobulin replacement therapy, infection prevention, and surveillance for complications.
MEDICAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA
(2024)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Bridget A. Rafferty, Pooja Thakrar
Summary: CNO/CRMO is an underrecognized autoinflammatory disorder of the skeletal system resulting from immune dysregulation. Diagnosis is often delayed due to vague symptoms and the lack of accepted diagnostic criteria or specific biomarkers. Untreated CRMO can lead to chronic skeletal deformities, arthritis, and chronic pain. Diagnosis requires MRI and WB-MRI. Treatment primarily involves antiinflammatory medications.
MEDICAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA
(2024)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Vaishali Singh, Scott K. Van Why
Summary: Hypertension in adolescents is rare, and evaluation for identifiable causes beyond primary hypertension is necessary. Common causes of hypertension in this age group are usually acquired or congenital renal or vascular diseases. If these etiologies are not found, exploration for rare causes, including monogenic hypertension, should be pursued.
MEDICAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA
(2024)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Dominic O. Co
Summary: Acquired demyelinating syndromes (ADS) are a group of inflammatory demyelinating conditions that include optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, and acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis. Differentiating between subtypes of ADS is important for optimal patient management, and this can be achieved by considering clinical features, laboratory tests (especially autoantibodies), and MRI findings.
MEDICAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA
(2024)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Meghan K. Konda, Matthew Harmelink
Summary: Pediatric adolescent muscle weakness can have various causes. A methodical diagnostic evaluation is necessary to determine the specific disease category, which may require specialized care or extensive testing. The ultimate diagnosis is crucial for prognostication.
MEDICAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA
(2024)
