2-mercaptothioxanthone as sensitizer and coinitiator for acylphosphine oxide photomitiators for: Free radical polymerization

The initiation efficiencies of photoinitiators for free radical polymerization, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyldiphenylphosphine oxide (TMDPO) and bis(2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl)-2,4,4-trimethylpentylphosphme oxide (BAPO), are enhanced by addition of mercaptothioxanthone (TX-SH) to the initiator formulation. The additive TX-SH combines the benefits of a triplet sensitizer (enhanced tight absorption) and-thiol functionality (reduced oxygen inhibition). On the basis of polymerization studies, laser flash photolysis, fluorescence, and phosporescence, the following mechanism is proposed: most of the light is absorbed by TX-SH to generate (3)(TX-SH)*, which transfers its energy to TMDPO and BAPO followed by alpha-cleavage to produce the initiating radicals. In addition, excellent polymerization yields were observed in air-saturated solutions when TX-SH was added. With the addition of TX-SH to initiation formulations, the inhibition due to oxygen is reduced, probably by the generation of reactive thiyl radicals by hydrogen abstraction of inactive peroxyl radicals from the thiol functionality.