Article
Materials Science, Composites
Zhu-Bao Shao, Xiang Song, Tian-Ci Wang, Jing Cui, Wen Ye, Baoyun Xu, De-Yi Wang
Summary: A novel constructing strategy was used to obtain super-efficient flame retardants containing metal elements for epoxy resin, resulting in excellent fire protection.
COMPOSITES COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Hafezeh Nabipour, Xin Wang, Lei Song, Yuan Hu
Summary: The study focused on the development of a fully bio-based epoxy thermoset from syringaldehyde and furfurylamine, which exhibited high glass transition temperature, mechanical strength, intrinsic flame resistance, and antibacterial properties. This bio-based epoxy thermoset showed superior performance compared to petroleum-based epoxy thermosets, making it a promising green substitute for high performance applications in fire safety.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Lei He, Tao Chen, Yi Zhang, Lianrui Hu, Ting Wang, Rui Han, Jia-Lin He, Wei Luo, Zhi-Guo Liu, Jin-Ni Deng, Ming-Jun Chen
Summary: A bulky aromatic structure imide-DOPO derivative (BMP) successfully imparts flame retardancy and fluorescence simultaneously to epoxy resins. BMP, benefiting from space hindering and intermolecular interactions, maintains the glass transition temperature of the epoxy resin with minor impact on mechanical properties.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Zhu-Bao Shao, Tian-Ci Wang, Xue-Bao Lin, Xiang Song, Jing Cui, Shuai Zhang, Longxiang Zhu
Summary: A nanolayered double hydroxide/ ammonium polyphosphate (BLDH@APP) composite was prepared to reduce fire hazard and improve the mechanical performances of epoxy resin (EP). The 4B-LDH@APP/EP achieved the UL-94 V-0 rating and showed superior flame-safety performance compared to 4APP/EP. The fire growth rate, peak heat release rate, and peak smoke production rate of 4B-LDH@APP/EP decreased significantly, which can be attributed to the excellent synergistic flame-retardant effect among boron, LDH, and APP.
ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Guofeng Ye, Siqi Huo, Cheng Wang, Qiu Shi, Lingfeng Yu, Zhitian Liu, Zhengping Fang, Hao Wang
Summary: The study presents a novel epoxy resin based on TP, which has a high oxygen index and fire rating, reduces smoke production, improves the mechanical properties and transparency of the epoxy resin.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Yingbing Zou, Zhile Xiong, Yunbin Li, Wenqi Cui, Fubin Luo, Hongzhou Li
Summary: A photoluminescence-functionalized epoxy resin composite EP/PHOF-1A has been developed based on phosphoric acid-based hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks. It inherits the photoluminescence property and exhibits wavelength-dependence. Additionally, it shows excellent flame retardancy and inhibits the release of heat, smoke, and harmful gases during combustion.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Yuanmeng Lou, Yanyue Su, Yiheng Ma, Yunhong Jiao, Jianzhong Xu, Haiyun Ma
Summary: In this study, a novel flame retardant was synthesized by modifying bioactive glass, which showed improved flame retardancy properties and mechanical properties. The presence of multiple flame-retardant atoms in the modified glass led to enhanced overall performance.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Wei Zhou, Dongxuan Lv, Hui Ding, Pengwu Xu, Congjian Zhang, Yuezhang Ren, Weijun Yang, Piming Ma
Summary: In this study, a eugenol-based epoxy monomer BEEP was designed to enhance the reactivity and mechanical performance of DER/BEEP-DDM systems. The addition of BEEP improved the activation energy and flexural properties of the cured epoxy.
REACTIVE & FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Lei He, Tao Chen, Ting Wang, Hai-Bo Zhao, Jing-Ni Deng, Ting-Ting Li, Zhi-Cheng Fu, Quanxiao Dong, Ming-Jun Chen
Summary: Cu-CHP is a novel copper-doped intumescent flame retardant that can rapidly expand and carbonize under high temperature to form dense char residue, exhibiting excellent charring capacity and strength. By using Cu-CHP, the fire resistance and flame retardancy of composite materials can be significantly improved.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Weijun Yang, Hui Ding, Tianxi Liu, Rongxian Ou, Jieying Lin, Debora Puglia, Pengwu Xu, Qingwen Wang, Weifu Dong, Mingliang Du, Piming Ma
Summary: By combining vanillin-based epoxy resin with graphene aerogel, inherently flame-retardant and thermally conductive composites were successfully designed and prepared. The composite material exhibits superior mechanical and thermal properties, making it suitable for the preparation of high-performance biobased flame-retardant materials.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Jie Wang, Yu Guo, ShunPing Zhao, Zhihao Zhu, Yan Huang, Tianhao Tian, Yongcun Zhou, Lianghui Bi
Summary: In this study, a structurally novel halogen-free oligomer poly (benzoguanamine phospholipamide) (BQDP) was successfully synthesized and used as an effective flame retardant for epoxy resins. BQDP showed improved limited oxygen index (LOI) values and UL-94 ratings, as well as excellent smoke suppression performance. The combination of phosphaphenanthrene and triazine demonstrated a synergistic effect, resulting in outstanding flame-retardant properties in both gaseous and condensed phases.
REACTIVE & FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Jiawei Jiang, Siqi Huo, Yi Zheng, Chengyun Yang, Hongqiang Yan, Shiya Ran, Zhengping Fang
Summary: By combining UiO66-NH2 with halloysite nanotubes, a novel synergistic flame retardant H-U was developed to significantly improve the thermal stability and fire safety of EP containing HPCP. However, it was found that the flame retardant performance of EP composites was slightly weakened with the introduction of H-U in the cone calorimeter test.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Xue Bi, Hang Di, Jia Liu, Yafang Meng, Yuying Song, Weihua Meng, Hongqiang Qu, Lide Fang, Pingan Song, Jianzhong Xu
Summary: This study presents a modified ammonium polyphosphate (APP) by using Schiff base covalent organic frameworks (COFs) as a surface modifier, addressing the issues of moisture sensitivity and poor interfacial compatibility with epoxy resin (EP). The addition of modified APP effectively enhances the flame retardancy of EP and improves the mechanical properties of the resulting composites.
ADVANCED COMPOSITES AND HYBRID MATERIALS
(2022)
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Noha Ramadan, Mohamed Taha, Angela Daniela La Rosa, Ahmed Elsabbagh
Summary: Epoxy and unsaturated polyester resins are widely used thermosetting polymers in various industries, with carbon or glass fibre reinforcement enabling high-performance applications. Improving flame retardancy by adding flame retardants may compromise mechanical properties. Research on flame retardancy of these materials highlights the trade-off between fire resistance and mechanical strength.
Article
Polymer Science
Zheng Li, Zuodong Qin, Chunxuan Li, Guimei Zhang, Aozheng Zhang, Sisi Li, Guoqi Liang, Xin Wang, Wufei Tang
Summary: Nano calcium carbonate was treated with tetrabutyl titanate sol and nickel hydroxide, resulting in the formation of a new flame retardant called Ni-TiO2@CaCO3. This flame retardant was then introduced into epoxy resin to improve its flame retardancy and thermal stability. The addition of Ni-TiO2@CaCO3 significantly reduced the peak heat release rate and smoke production rate of the epoxy resin, and improved its degradation temperature and char residues. The flame retardancy mechanism of the Ni-TiO2@CaCO3/EP composite was thoroughly analyzed using various methods.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Julio Marti, Bernhard Schartel, Eugenio Onate
Summary: This article analyzes the capability of a new computational strategy based on the particle finite element method for simulating a bench-scale cables burning test. Two cables with differently flame retarded materials were selected as samples, and the numerical results show accurate prediction of temperature evolution and melting of the jacket.
JOURNAL OF FIRE SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Ron Hoffmann, Hendrik Naatz, Andreas Hartwig
Summary: The properties of nanoparticle-polymer composites are strongly influenced by the network structure of the polymer matrix. Introducing ITO nanoparticles as a scaffold can alter the reaction rates and degree of conversion during polymerization processes.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Max Lallemang, Leixiao Yu, Wanhao Cai, Klaus Rischka, Andreas Hartwig, Rainer Haag, Thorsten Hugel, Bizan N. Balzer
Summary: This study investigates the strength and characteristics of multivalent interactions at the molecular level using AFM technology, and finds that under certain conditions, non-covalent bonds, such as coordination bonds, can exhibit higher multivalent bond strength, even surpassing strong covalent bonds. Additionally, covalent bonds enhance the density of the multifunctional polymer layer, particularly increasing the number of non-covalent bonds.
Article
Polymer Science
Yin Yam Chan, Chao Ma, Feng Zhou, Yuan Hu, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: A series of flexible polyurethane foams with different concentrations of flame retardants, bis([dimethoxyphosphoryl]methyl) phenyl phosphate (BDMPP), and either melamine (MA) or expandable graphite (EG) were prepared and studied. The synergistic effect of BDMPP and EG on flame retardancy was highlighted, with EG showing excellent smoke suppression during burning and MA significantly reducing the peak heat release rate. The combination of BDMPP and EG, along with MA, offers an approach to enhance flame retardancy and smoke suppression.
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Bettina Strommer, Alexander Battig, Daniele Frasca, Dietmar Schulze, Christian Huth, Martin Bohning, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: The incorporation of nanoparticles like multilayer graphene into elastomeric composites improves their technical performance, such as mechanical behavior and electrical conductivity. Traditional filler types usually fulfill single purposes and require high loadings, while a small amount of multilayer graphene can reduce filler content and maintain the multifunctional characteristics of rubber composites.
ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Mohamed Ali Wahab, Katharina Kebelmann, Bernhard Schartel, Gareth Griffiths
Summary: The valorization of macroalgae digestate as a secondary resource can lead to the production of high value chemicals through pyrolysis, while the filtered liquid fraction can be used as an alternative culture media for microalgae growth. The digestates showed improved biooil profiles compared to the raw macroalgae. The pyrolyzates from the digestates contained high-value chemicals and the liquid digestate positively influenced microalgae growth.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Alexander Battig, Karla Itzel Garfias Gonzalez, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: This study investigates the application of sustainable, biogenic flame retardant adjuvants for epoxy resins and finds that zoological products can act as fillers to enhance the synergistic effect of flame retardants.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
F. Robert Gleuwitz, Alexander Battig, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: This study introduces a potentially abundant protein-rich waste resource for the manufacturing of flame-retardant epoxy biocomposites and investigates the influence of biomass fillers on curing and thermal degradation behavior. The experiments show that nonvegan fillers have a good charring effect under specific conditions. This research provides potential for utilizing protein-based flame retardants from industrial insect rearing in the future.
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Yin Yam Chan, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: This feature article focuses on one of the most impressive halogen-free combinations in polyurethane foams (PUFs): expandable graphite (EG) and phosphorus-based flame retardants (P-FRs). The synergistic effect of EG and P-FRs improves the flame retardancy of PUFs by charring and maintaining a thermally insulating residue morphology, offering significant advantages.
Article
Polymer Science
Bettina Strommer, Dietmar Schulze, Bernhard Schartel, Martin Boehning
Summary: Tailored crosslinking in elastomers is crucial for their technical applications. Incorporating few-layer graphene (FLG) affects the crosslinking behavior of natural rubber, accelerating the kinetics of sulfur-based curing systems and showing little influence on peroxide-based systems. Vulcanometer measurements are suitable for monitoring the complex vulcanization process of such nanocomposite systems.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Maximilian Mund, Dustin Hassler, Peter Schaumann, Sascha Hothan, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: Intumescent coatings are used to improve fire resistance and aesthetic appearance of steel structures. The durability of the coating and its performance under weathering conditions are essential factors to consider. This paper presents experimental investigations on the expansion behavior, thermal performance, and reactions during foaming in case of fire of two types of intumescent coatings. The research results were obtained from the IGF research project 20470 N.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Johannes U. Lenz, Doris Pospiech, Hartmut Komber, Andreas Korwitz, Oliver Kobsch, Maxime Paven, Rolf W. Albach, Martin Guenther, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: The impact of phosphorus-containing flame retardants on rigid polyisocyanurate foams was studied by varying the chemical structure of the flame retardants. Different compounds, including non-NCO-reactive and NCO-reactive dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepine 6-oxide (BPPO) and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), were compared in terms of foam properties, thermal decomposition, and fire behavior. The results showed that DOPO was more effective when the flame retardant acted as a filler or dangling end in the foam polymer network, while BPPO was superior when incorporated as a subunit in the network.
Article
Polymer Science
Niklas Neumann, Sascha Thinius, Gideon Abels, Andreas Hartwig, Katharina Koschek, Laura Boskamp
Summary: A synthesis approach was investigated for crosslinkable hyperbranched prepolymers with adjustable degrees of methylation and methacrylation, achieving full conversion of hydroxyl groups. The substitution degrees of methacrylate could be adjusted by catalyzed esterification using predefined partially methylated polyglycerol-based precursors. The combination of methacrylic anhydride, triethylamine, and 4-dimethylaminopyridine was proven effective for complete conversion of primary and secondary hydroxyl groups. NMR, IR, and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the insertion of methacrylic crosslinking groups in the polymeric backbone. The photopolymerization of obtained prepolymers resulted in higher crosslink density, stiffness, and glass transition temperature with increasing methacrylate content.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Vitus Hupp, Bernhard Schartel, Kerstin Flothmeier, Andreas Hartwig
Summary: This paper investigates the interaction between adhesive tapes and bonded materials during burning and the impact of flame retardancy on the burning behavior of adhesive tapes. It shows that the choice of carrier and substrates in bonds has the greatest influence on fire properties, changing the peak of heat release rate and the maximum average rate of heat emission by up to 25%.
FIRE AND MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Kyriakos Karakyriazis, Vanessa Luehrs, Sebastian Stoesslein, Ingo Grunwald, Andreas Hartwig
Summary: Schiff base hydrogels have gained attention in the field of biomedical applications due to their reversible imine bonds and degradation properties. Commonly used multifunctional amines with low water solubility include bovine serum albumin and chitosan. Glutaric aldehyde, a toxic substance, is often used for Schiff base formation. In this study, a two-component Schiff-base-crosslinked hydrogel based on aminoterminated hyperbranched polyglycerol (hPG-NH2) and polyethyleneglycol dialdehyde (PEG-DA) was developed, showing promising mechanical properties. The hydrogels' mechanical properties were characterized using a texture analyzer, investigating the impact of solid content, component ratio, and pH on gel properties.
MATERIALS ADVANCES
(2023)