Prolactin and its cleaved 16 kDa fragment

Prolactin and its cleaved 16 kDa fragment Prolactin, owing to its origins, actions and molecular forms, is an ubiquitous and pleiotropic hormone. Indeed prolactin, initially thought to be essentially synthesized in the hypophysis, is also produced by several tissues in mammals. It is involved in more than 300 different biological activities, such as reproduction, developmental immunity and behaviour. It is also described under several molecular forms resulting from co- or post-translational modifications and enzymatic cleavage. Among these, the 16 kDa form, derived from native prolactin, has received particular attention because of its inhibitory effect on angiogenesis. Recent results have suggested an important role of tissue enzymes in the production of this form in several tissues (retina, myocardium and mammary gland). The cleavage leading to the production of 16 kDa prolactin may occur outside the cells, in the interstitial medium and therefore in the vicinity of blood capillaries. This process implies tissue-specific mechanisms of regulation. A better knowledge of the location of the cleavage and of the regulation of these activities of the cleaving enzymes is now essential for controlling the processes. This knowledge will allow a better understanding of the relationships between some pathologies (cardiomyopathy, pre-eclampsy, retinopathy) and modification of the production of the anti-angiogenic form of prolactin.