Characterization of the Electron Transfer of a Ferrocene Redox Probe and a Histidine-Tagged Hemoprotein Specifically Bound to a Nitrilotriacetic-Terminated Self-Assembled Monolayer

We report the selective, controlled binding of a model redox probe, 1,1'-bis(N-imidazolylmethyl)ferrocene (Fc-Im(2)), and a small redox hemoprotein, histidine-tagged recombinant human neuroglobin (hNb), at the surface of metal electrodes (gold and SER-active silver) modified by a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of a nitrilotriacetic(NTA)-terminated thiol. The resulting SAMs were characterized by cyclic voltammetry and surface-enhanced resonance Raman (SERR) spectroscopy coupled to electrochemistry. Once specifically bounded to the Ni(II)-NTA-modified gold electrode, nearly ideal cyclic voltammetric behavior with relatively fast electron-transfer (ET) communication through the SAM was determined for the Fc-Im(2) redox probe. However, no direct electron transfer could be evidenced for the hNb redox protein under the same conditions. This outcome was different from the result obtained during SERR experiments coupled to electrochemistry in which a direct electrochemical conversion of hNb immobilized on a Ni(II)-NTA-modified SER-active Ag electrode was observed. The SERR spectra of the immobilized hNb was the same as the resonance Raman spectra of the protein in homogeneous solution, allowing us to conclude that the native structure of hNb was retained upon immobilization and that the direct ET was not the result of some partial or complete protein denaturation. The long-range ET rate constant (k(ET)) through the SAM was determined by time-resolved SERR spectroscopy. A value of k(ET) = 0.12 s(-1) was obtained, which is within the predicted range of a fully nonadiabatic ET through a SAM thickness of similar to 26 angstrom and close to the values previously determined for analogous small redox proteins at similar long-range ET distances. A SERR spectroelectrochemical titration of the immobilized hNb was also carried out, showing both an apparent standard potential (E-0') negatively shifted by 100 mV compared with hNb in solution and a gentle slope in the titration curve. These results suggest a range of chemical environments in the surroundings of the redox protein and a variety of interactions with the NTA-terminated SAM. The influence of protein immobilization on E-0' is discussed together with the long-range ET rate constant and molecular orientation of the surface-immobilized hNb.