Application of Preconcentration and Separation Techniques in Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry

With 135 references, this review presents the recent application of various preconcentration and separation techniques in atomic fluorescence spectrometry for the sensitive determination and speciation of various elements and their species. It focuses on sample pretreatment, separation, and enrichment-related techniques, including liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase (micro) extraction, microwave/ultrasound-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, as well as chemical vapor generation. In this review, the historical development and overview of these preconcentration and separation methodologies are briefly discussed, together with a comprehensive collection of application of these methods in combination with atomic fluorescence spectrometry for determination of ultratrace amounts of elements and their species in various sample matrices (liquids and solids).