Crises in palliative care-a comprehensive approach

Palliative care aims to improve quality of life by early identification, impeccable assessment, and treatment of symptoms while meeting other needs of patients with advanced and progressive disease. It comprises disease-specific and symptom-guided interventions, with emphasis on preparing patients and their relatives for foreseeable, highly distressing clinical problems. Use of inappropriate mechanisms and algorithms in standard emergency treatment might be avoidable for the sake of patient-centred inpatient and outpatient palliative care during the last phase of life. This Review reflects a clinical attitude in palliative care that differs from oncological emergency management. We give examples of typical clinical crises at the end of life and discuss treatment to aid care before, during, and after such crises.