The marine reservoir effect in the Southern Ocean: an evaluation of extant and new ΔR values and their application to archaeological chronologies

The last phase of human colonisation of the south-west Pacific occurred around the 12th Century AD amongst the islands of the subtropical and temperate zones of the Southern Ocean (i.e., Norfolk Island, the Kermadec Islands, New Zealand and the Chatham Islands) (Fig. 1). Archaeological evidence indicates that initial colonisation of the region was rapid, possibly taking less than 100 years. Unfortunately, the chronology of these events has been largely reliant on charcoal radiocarbon determinations that have not been successful in delineating these changes. This paper investigates the use of marine shell for radiocarbon dating as an alternative to charcoal, with specific focus on variation in the marine 14 C reservoir (specifically the Delta R) of Raoul Island (Kermadec Islands), Norfolk Island and Chatham Island (Fig. 2). Results from known-age, pre-AD 1950 shellfish indicate that Delta R values south of the South Pacific Convergence Zone are low compared to those recorded for islands within the South Pacific generally (Fig. 1) (see Petchey et al. in press). An average Delta R value of -19 +/- 13 C-14 yr is recorded for Raoul Island and -49 +/- 10 C-14 yr for Norfolk Island. These values are attributed to heightened absorption of atmospheric CO2 in this region. Extant published Delta R information from New Zealand (Fig. 2A) also suggests a low average Delta R value for these southern waters, but the range of values indicates that considerable variability is possible because of the complex interplay of currents around the New Zealand coastline. In contrast, results from Chatham Island are more variable and much higher (average Delta R = 134 +/- 83 C-14 yr). Stable oxygen and carbon isotope data support the hypothesis that these Delta R values are caused by upwelling and mixing of C-14-depleted water along the Chatham Rise. Comparison of marine and charcoal C-14 determinations from archaeological sites on Raoul Island support, within the limits of the available data, the Delta R values obtained, but further analysis is required to establish the stability of this value over time.