Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Nurul Nadiah Mahmud, Farah Atiqah Abdul Azam, Mohd Ikram Ramli, Farhana Mohd Foudzi, Kei Ameyama, Abu Bakar Sulong
Summary: This study presents a promising alternative approach in powder injection molding (PIM) process by utilizing irregular-shaped and bimodal size powder in Ti6Al4VHA composite. The irregular-shaped Ti6Al4V-HA exhibits good rheological behavior and low viscosity, producing crack-free parts with high relative density of 95% after sintering, showing excellent osseointegration properties. The findings suggest the suitability of irregular-shaped Ti6Al4V-HA as a useful alternative material for biomedical applications, especially in bone implantation.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-JMR&T
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
O. Ghanmi, V Demers
Summary: The moldability of titanium-based feedstocks used in low-pressure powder injection molding process was investigated through numerical simulation and real-scale injections. The thermal characteristics and rheological profiles of the feedstock were measured, and the filling stage of a complex shape part was simulated using Autodesk Moldflow Synergy 2019. The predicted filling time, powder segregation, and high shear rate zones were validated through laboratory experiments and analysis.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Chuanchom Aumnate, Nithiwach Nawaukkaratharnant, Nutthita Chuankrerkkul
Summary: The study investigated the binder system, raw material preparation, and debinding process for silver materials used in powder injection molding. Experimental results showed that components heated with different powder loadings exhibited varying density and porosity characteristics after debinding.
JOURNAL OF METALS MATERIALS AND MINERALS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Muhammad Dilawer Hayat, Hongzhou Zhang, Kariappa Maletira Karumbaiah, Harshpreet Singh, Ying Xu, Liming Zou, Xuanhui Qu, Sudip Ray, Peng Cao
Summary: By comparing the rheological behavior of feedstocks containing different amounts of PVAc and PVP, it is demonstrated that the addition of PVAc into the PEG/PMMA binder system can produce Ti-MIM feedstocks with good rheological properties, resulting in void-free injection molded samples, and acceptable mechanical properties.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Masoud Shahidi Moghadam, Abdolali Fayyaz, Mohammad Ardestani
Summary: This research studied the challenges of fabricating titanium components through low-pressure powder injection moulding (LPIM). It was found that feedstock with high powder loading was not suitable for LPIM, and suitable parameters for solvent debinding were obtained by soaking the samples in n-hexane at 60 degrees C temperature. After sintering, the hardness and density of the sintered part were 490 HV and 4.11 g/cm³, respectively, with coarse alpha plates and alpha/beta colonies observed in the microstructure.
Article
Polymer Science
Hongzhou Zhang, Muhammad D. Hayat, Wen Zhang, Harshpreet Singh, Ke Hu, Peng Cao
Summary: In this study, a new polymeric binder based on polyethylene glycol/polypropylene carbonate (PEG/PPC) was developed. The addition of polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) was found to improve the rheological properties and homogeneity of the feedstock. The phase morphology study showed that PVAc effectively improved PPC dispersion in the PEG matrix. The metal injection moulding feedstocks formulated with this new binder system exhibited good rheological properties and homogeneity, resulting in titanium products with good mechanical properties.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Huan-Yun Zhou, Huai-Bing Dou, Xian-Hua Chen
Summary: The study showed that polyethylene and graphene can synergistically improve the high-temperature performance and rutting resistance of asphalt binders; the pre-blended polyethylene/graphene masterbatch has medium-temperature fatigue and low-temperature cracking resistance; the uniform dispersion of polyethylene/graphene in the masterbatch facilitates asphalt modification.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Jae Man Park, Jun Sae Han, Joo Won Oh, Seong Jin Park
Summary: This research investigated the rheological behavior and mechanical properties of PMN-PZT ceramic feedstock, finding that feedstocks with lower solids loading exhibit better rheological characteristics, which are crucial for manufacturing micro-scale piezoelectric structures with high aspect ratios. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of solid loading on mechanical properties such as flexural stress and elastic modulus.
METALS AND MATERIALS INTERNATIONAL
(2021)
Article
Polymer Science
Wenying Shi, Zhize Chen
Summary: Polyethylene glycol-polydimethylsiloxane copolymer (PEG-PDMS) was incorporated into polylactic acid (PLA) via melt blending to improve its toughness and transparency, resulting in increased elongation at break and tensile strength, as well as enhanced crystallinity. Additionally, the energy storage modulus and complex viscosity of the blends were improved. However, the light transmittance slightly decreased.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
G. Thavanayagam, J. E. Swan
Summary: Titanium and its alloys have high specific strength and high resistance to corrosion but are expensive to manufacture. Metal injection moulding (MIM) can reduce manufacturing costs; understanding feedstock rheology is crucial for optimizing processing conditions and quality of MIM parts. A new model incorporating feedstock flow index (p) accurately predicts the rheological properties of titanium-based feedstocks.
Article
Polymer Science
Alberto Basso, Yang Zhang, Jacob Kjeldahl Ploger, Jon Spangenberg, Hans Norgaard Hansen
Summary: This study explores the use of freeform injection moulding technology, highlighting the benefits of using 3D printed moulds for increased geometrical design flexibility. By injecting stainless steel powder suspension into a geometrically challenging sacrificial mould, the numerical model developed aligns well with experimental findings, offering a new approach for evaluating sacrificial inserts in high geometrical complexity powder injection moulding processes.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
D. W. Wang, Y. H. Zhou, X. Y. Yao, Y. P. Dong, S. H. Feng, Z. Y. Liu, H. Wang, M. Yan
Summary: This study explores the inheritance relationship between the feedstock powder and the as-printed products in laser powder bed fusion. A core-shell powder structure is generated through ball milling modification, leading to significant grain refinement and improved mechanical performance. The printed samples show different microstructure transformations depending on the type of feedstock powder used, highlighting the importance of tailoring the feedstock powder for developing high-performance materials in additive manufacturing.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Iman Salahshoori, Danial Nasirian, Niloufar Rashidi, Md Kamal Hossain, Ali Hatami, Majid Hassanzadeganroudsari
Summary: This study investigated the polysulfone-polyethylene glycol/silica nanocomposite membranes for gas separation, finding that the membrane with 20% silica had the best separation properties, with a CO2 permeability of 13.36 Barrer and an ideal selectivity of 45.76 for CO2/N2 gases. Various analyses were used to examine the membrane structure and morphology, and mechanical rheometry was employed to study the rheological properties of the hybrid nanosized composites.
Article
Polymer Science
Laleh Ghasemi-Mobarakeh, Santiago Cano, Vahid Momeni, Dongyan Liu, Ivica Duretek, Gisbert Riess, Christian Kukla, Clemens Holzer
Summary: The study evaluated the effect of adding AAHDPE on the interaction between ceramic powder and binder in ceramic injection molding. Results showed that AAHDPE improved powder-binder adhesion, promoted powder dispersion and homogeneous mixing, and reduced the viscosity of the polymer composites and feedstocks.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Raphael Cote, Mohamed Azzouni, Vincent Demers
Summary: An experimental and numerical approach was used to study the impact of binder constituents and solid loading on titanium powder-based feedstocks for low-pressure powder injection molding. The optimal binder composition and maximum solid loading conditions were identified for producing intricate parts with minimal defects. Numerical simulations were validated with experiments, showing good agreement in predicting the melt front position during injection.
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Kai Zhao, Li Yin, Zhihong Ma, Tingxuan Yang, Huidong Tang, Peng Cao, Saifang Huang
Summary: In this study, the researchers investigated the solid-solution limit and thermal quenching mitigation of Rb2CaP2O7:Eu2+ phosphors by substituting Sr2+ ions. They found that up to 80% of Ca can be replaced by Sr, and this substitution improved the thermal stability and luminescence of the phosphors. By carefully adjusting the concentration of Sr, they were able to fine-tune the emission spectrum of the phosphors. The results suggest that cation substitution is an effective approach for mitigating the thermal quenching issue in phosphors.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Sipei Zhang, Ying Xu, Wen Zhang, Peng Cao
Summary: Cu and Y co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared using an acid-catalytic sol-gel process, resulting in a single anatase phase with reduced crystallite size. SEM observations showed uniform nanospheres being synthesized under the proposed conditions. XPS results demonstrated the presence of Cu+ and Y3+ ions. The photoactivity of the co-doped TiO2 was improved due to effective separation of electron-hole pairs, increased formation of active radicals, and increased surface area.
MATERIALS CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Khashayar Khanlari, Qi Shi, Xingchen Yan, Ke Hu, Chong Tan, Piaras Kelly, Wen Zhang, Peng Cao, Xiaojian Wang, Xin Liu
Summary: This research aimed to obtain porous NiTinol parts with specific microstructural and mechanical properties for bone replacement implants using a laser powder bed fusion technique. By adjusting the printing parameters and conducting heat treatments, the desired properties were achieved.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Ting Zhang, Tingxuan Yang, Guoxing Qu, Saifang Huang, Peng Cao, Wei Gao
Summary: This study proposes a new solution for the thermodynamic instability of 1T-MoS2 by designing an electrocatalyst of 1T-MoS2 nanosheets anchored on black TiO2-x nanotube arrays grown in-situ on a Ti plate. Experimental and theoretical results demonstrate that the black TiO2-x substrate effectively stabilizes the metastable 1T-MoS2 and improves the hydrogen evolution reaction performance.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Hank Lloyd, Ying Xu, Peng Cao
Summary: Hydrogen Assisted Magnesiothermic Reduction (HAMR) can directly reduce TiO2 to low-oxygen titanium metal. The oxygen-scavenging properties of rare-earth dopant species were investigated in the HAMR process. Y-doped and undoped TiO2 powders were synthesized and characterized. Y-doped TiO2 showed more extensive development of intermediate HAMR phases. Rapid restructuring of TiO2 particle interiors was observed due to increased bulk diffusion rates of nanocrystalline materials. Doped nanocrystalline TiO2 powders were identified as potential feedstocks for HAMR experiments.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Jianying Wang, Jianpeng Zou, Hailin Yang, Xixi Dong, Peng Cao, Xiaozhou Liao, Zhilin Liu, Shouxun Ji
Summary: Superior mechanical properties have been achieved in a coarse-grained single-phase face-centered cubic (fcc) medium-entropy alloy (MEA) by carefully designing multi-scale heterogeneous structures. The alloy exhibits high ultimate tensile strength and fracture strain, mainly attributed to the favorable heterogeneous fcc matrix, coherent spherical precipitates, and a high density of crystalline defects.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Kumar Debajyoti Jena, Xin Song, Keemi Lim, Ying Xu, Lu Li, Peng Cao
Summary: A simple two-step method for preparing nanostructured Li4Ti5O12 (LTO), a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), was reported. The synthesised LTO exhibited a cubic spinel structure with Fd3m space group. The final powder obtained had a faceted polyhedral shape with an average particle diameter of 68 nm. The LTO showed good rate capability when tested in half cells, delivering specific capacities in the range of 131.9-149.1 mAh g(-1) at various rates, and maintaining a reversible discharge capacity of 96.8 mAh g(-1) after 100 cycles.
EMERGENT MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Zhigang Xu, Dayong Shen, Kai Wang, Peng He, Jian Zhang, Hao Zhang, Peng Cao, Shangyu Huang, Jian Peng, Qiang Shen, Chuanbin Wang, Lianmeng Zhang
Summary: In this study, a novel Al foam with a periodic structure consisting of hierarchical porous and bi-directional composition-graded structures was synthesized using a simple powder metallurgical route. The addition of Mg powders resulted in excellent metallurgical bonding between the Al powders and the hollow tubes. The Al foam with Mg addition exhibited superior compression performance, with higher plateau stress and energy absorption capacity in the y-axis compared to the x-axis due to its anisotropic structure.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Xin Song, Tianhang Zhang, Saifang Huang, Jinshuo Mi, Yudong Zhang, Jadranka Travas-Sejdic, Adrian Peter Turner, Wei Gao, Peng Cao
Summary: This study constructed a high-safety composite solid-state electrolyte (CSSE) by embedding high ionic conductivity garnet type Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.1Nb0.4O12 (LLZTNO) powder into a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) matrix. The CSSE with 10% LLZTNO achieved an ionic conductivity of 1.05 x 10-4 S cm-1 and extended electrochemical window to 4.80 V vs Li/Li+. The evolution and composition of the SEI layer were characterized using in-situ optical microscopic observation, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM). When paired with an NCM811 cathode, the CSSE batteries exhibited good rate cycling performance and maintained discharge capacity at 137.1 and 91.2 mAh g-1 at 0.3C and 2C after 80 and 100 cycles. The needle penetration test further demonstrated the superior safety and potential applications of PVDF-based room-temperature CSSE batteries.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2023)
Article
Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
Keemi Lim, Muhammad Dilawer Hayat, Kumar Debajoyti Jena, Wen Zhang, Lu Li, Peng Cao
Summary: Obtaining a homogenous metal injection moulding (MIM) feedstock blend is challenging due to the different characteristics of each of the multiple polymers. This study focuses on the effects of different compatibilisers on the interactions in POM and PP blends. The results show that the binder system based on EGMA-3 demonstrates the lowest contact angle and best miscibility for the POM/PP blends, indicating its excellent properties for MIM feedstocks.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Jianzhong Wang, Aoyun Liu, Qingbo Ao, Chen Wu, Jun Ma, Peng Cao
Summary: This paper investigates the energy absorption properties and mechanisms of porous titanium. Porous titanium with a porosity higher than 58% was prepared using the cold isostatic pressing (CIP) process with NaCl as a space holder. The optimal choice of porous titanium was identified based on the compressive strain rate and relative density. It was found that the energy absorption capacity of porous titanium increases with strain, but decreases rapidly with increasing porosity at a certain strain. The porosity of porous titanium should be less than 73.0% for greater energy absorption. Additionally, the Young's modulus and plateau stress of porous titanium can be expressed using a power law relationship with relative density.
MATERIALS TODAY COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Electrochemistry
Zhenghang Zhang, Rongzheng Fan, Saifang Huang, Jie Zhao, Yudong Zhang, Weiji Dai, Cuijiao Zhao, Xin Song, Peng Cao
Summary: This study proposes an integrated design of a double-layer functional composite electrolyte and cathode, which improves interfacial contact and increases cycle stability. The design establishes a continuous network for the transport of Li+ on the interface, optimizing the stability of the electrodes. The experimental results demonstrate that the design enables stable cycling of the battery under high current density and high temperature conditions.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Xize Chen, Shanghai Wei, Yigang Yan, Fanglei Tong, Geoffrey I. N. Waterhouse, Tilo Sohnel, Mark P. Taylor, Peng Cao
Summary: Magnesium rechargeable batteries (MRBs) are attracting attention due to their low cost, high safety, and high theoretical volumetric capacity. The use of eutectic and hypereutectic Mg-Sn alloys as anodes for MRBs was explored. The alloys exhibited unique microstructures and the dissolution processes were studied in an all-phenyl-complex (APC) electrolyte. Hypereutectic alloys showed better battery performance due to their superior mechanical properties.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Kai Zhao, Zhihong Ma, Li Yin, Bin Hui, Han Si, Xinlin Tong, Huidong Tang, Peng Cao, Saifang Huang
Summary: This paper reports a highly efficient blue-emitting phosphor with superior thermal stability, which has great potential for solid-state lighting applications.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY FRONTIERS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Kai Zhao, Li Yin, Zhihong Ma, Tingxuan Yang, Huidong Tang, Peng Cao, Saifang Huang
Summary: The study investigated the solid-solution limit and thermal stability of Rb2CaP2O7:Eu2+ phosphors by cation substitution with Sr2+. It was found that substituting Sr can fine-tune the photoluminescence and mitigate thermal quenching, with 20% Sr substitution significantly improving the thermal stability by 1.64 times compared to Rb2CaP2O7:Eu2+. Cation substitution is an effective approach for enhancing the luminescence properties of phosphors.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Ri Zhang, Shasha Zhang, Mengyan Ding
Summary: A thin liquid film method is proposed to evaluate sand erosion in annular flow. This method considers the direct interaction between the liquid film and gas core, as well as the entrainment and deposition of droplets. The erosion rate is calculated by considering the effects of liquid entrainment and particle velocity decay. The method is fully verified by comparing with experimental data.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Yu Suo, Xianheng Su, Wenyuan He, Xiaofei Fu, Zhejun Pan
Summary: This research investigates the mechanical properties of sandstone-shale composite through orthogonal experimental method and discrete element simulation. The results show that different lithologies and thickness ratios can affect the strength and fracture mode of the composite rock samples.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Maurizio Troiano, Andrea El Hassanin, Roberto Solimene, Alessia Teresa Silvestri, Fabrizio Scala, Antonino Squillace, Piero Salatino
Summary: This study investigates the potential of Fluidized Bed Finishing (FBF) for square flat AlSi10Mg specimens manufactured via Laser-Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing technology. The results show that good finishing can be achieved using rotation-assisted tests, with a maximum reduction of surface roughness by 67%. Steel particles are found to be the most effective bed material.
Review
Engineering, Chemical
Ningbo Song, Wanzhong Yin, Jin Yao
Summary: Seawater's dissolved salts and minerals have various effects on the flotation process, including influencing the characteristics and behavior of flotation factors, as well as affecting the surface of sulfide minerals. In most cases, seawater has adverse effects on the flotation of sulfide minerals, but these effects can be mitigated by adjusting the reagents.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Kaiqiao Wu, Shuxian Jiang, Victor Francia, Marc-Olivier Coppens
Summary: In rectangular and cylindrical annular fluidized beds, pulsating gas flow can create regular bubble patterns, overcoming challenges seen in conventional units. This study provides new opportunities for modularization of fluidized bed operations.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Shuo Li, Huili Zhang, Jan Baeyens, Miao Yang, Zehao Li, Yimin Deng
Summary: The paper assesses the behavior of cohesive Geldart C-type particles when fluidized by air with the aid of vibration. It determines that mechanical vibration is a simple and effective method to improve the fluidity of cohesive particles during fluidization.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Zhenfei Feng, Qingyuan Zhang, Shanpan Liang, Zhenzhou Li, Fangwen Guo, Jinxin Zhang, Ding Yuan
Summary: A new micro/mini-channel heat sink (MCHS) with a combined structure of longitudinal and transverse vortex generators is designed, using Al2O3 nanofluid as the working medium. The study explores the effects of transverse vortex generator shape and longitudinal vortex generator angle on the hydraulic and thermal characteristics, comprehensive performance, entropy generation, and exergy efficiency. The results show that the triangular transverse vortex generator improves the comprehensive performance and exergy efficiency. Combined with the longitudinal vortex generator, the MCHS achieves the best comprehensive performance, entropy generation, and exergy efficiency when the Reynolds number is 742.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Kostas Giannis, Christoph Thon, Guoqing Yang, Arno Kwade, Carsten Schilde
Summary: This study presents a 3D convolutional neural network (3D-CNN) methodology for generating realistic 3D models of particles. The method trains on 2D projections of particle images to predict their 3D shapes, and evaluates the accuracy of the predictions using Fourier shape descriptors (FSDs). This methodology has wide applications in particle shape analysis.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Zheng-qing Zhou, Lu-jia Chai, Yu-long Zhang, Ya-bin Wang, Ze-chen Du, Tian-yi Wang, Yu-zhe Liu
Summary: The dynamic oxidation and shell-breaking processes of aluminum nanoparticles (ANPs) during heating were studied using in situ transmission electron microscopy. The results revealed that the changes in shell thickness can be divided into three stages, and the active aluminum content of ANP decreased before shell-breaking.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Fulei Chen, Huaqing Ma, Zihan Liu, Lianyong Zhou, Yongzhi Zhao
Summary: A particle breakage model based on the particle replacement scheme, using the polyhedral model to describe particles, is proposed in this work to accurately describe the breakage of a large number of particles. Additionally, a fast-cutting algorithm is proposed to reproduce the size distribution of progeny particles determined by the breakage model. The validation and simulation results show satisfactory accuracy, efficiency, and stability of the algorithm.
Review
Engineering, Chemical
Matteo Errigo, Christopher Windows-Yule, Massimiliano Materazzi, Dominik Werner, Paola Lettieri
Summary: Gas-solid fluidized-bed systems have advantages in terms of chemical reaction efficiency and temperature control, making them widely used in industrial applications. However, the design, scale-up, and optimization of these complex units are limited by the lack of deep physical understanding. Non-invasive and non-intrusive diagnostic techniques provide a way for researchers to study these systems without affecting the flow field or directly contacting the medium under study.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Saeed Fateh, Mohammad Behshad Shafii, Mohammad Najafi, Cyrus Aghanajafi
Summary: Applying a magnetic field to ferrofluids alters their flow characteristics and enhances heat transfer. Through visualization and quantitative investigation, it is found that the magnetic field influences the flow patterns and velocity profiles, improving fluid mixing and vorticity magnitude.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Lei Gao, Bingbing Wei, Xiaochuan Hu, Zaifeng Yao, Yiwen Fang, Xuejian Gao
Summary: In this study, a numerical model of sand triaxial test was established using discrete element software PFC3D, and an indoor triaxial test was conducted to calibrate the numerical model. The influence of microscopic parameters on the macroscopic mechanical response of sand was analyzed. The results showed that the friction coefficient had the greatest impact on the peak strength and residual strength of the sand's stress-strain curve, and it was positively correlated. The normal tangential stiffness ratio was negatively correlated, while the porosity and boundary flexibility stiffness had minimal influence on it.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Xuan Liu, Jie Gong, Kai Jiang, Xiaojuan Lai, Yu Tian, Kang Zhang
Summary: This study aimed to improve the performance of lignite coal water slurries (CWSs) by synthesizing a series of three-arm amphiphilic block copolymers. By controlling the relative molecular weight, hydrophilic/hydrophobic ratio, and ionic group content, the apparent viscosity of CWSs was significantly reduced and the static stability was improved. Thermogravimetric testing and XPS analysis were conducted to reveal the mechanism behind the improved performance.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Lanka Dinushke Weerasiri, Daniel Fabijanic, Subrat Das
Summary: Fluidization at low pressure offers significant benefits for the fine chemical industry. This study investigates the behavior of bubbles and bed expansion under low pressure conditions. It is found that lower pressure leads to larger bubbles, increased bubble quantity, and higher aspect ratio. The predictability is affected by the inhomogeneous fluidization, but low pressure fluidization can generate similar bubble sizes with lower fluidizing mass compared to atmospheric pressure.
