Enhanced Stability of a Protein with Increasing Temperature

The unusual stability of a structured but locally flexible protein, human growth hormone (hGH) at pH 2.7, was investigated using the temperature dependence of the nanosecond-picosecond dynamics of the backbone amide groups obtained from N-15 NMR relaxation data. It is found that the flexibility of the backbone of the helices decreases with temperature in the range from 24 degrees C to similar to 40 degrees C, corresponding to an increasing stability. A concomitant increase with temperature of the electrostatic interactions between charged residues forming an interhelical network of salt bridges at the center of the four-helix core suggests that these interactions give rise to the decreasing flexibility and increasing stability of the protein. However, numerous hydrophobic interactions in the interior of the four-helix core may also contribute. Above similar to 40 degrees C, where the thermal energy overcomes the electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, a substantial increase in the flexibility of the helix backbones results in a highly positive contribution from the local conformational heat capacity, C-p,C- conf, of the helix backbones to the total heat capacity, C-p, of the protein. This reduces the change in heat capacity upon unfolding, Delta C-p, increases the change in the Gibbs free energy, Delta G(unfold), and stabilizes the protein at high temperatures. A similar decrease in flexibility is found near other salt bridges in hGH and in Calmodulin and may be of general importance for the thermostability of proteins and, in particular, of the salt bridge intensive thermophilic proteins.