Despite mandatory fortification of staple foods, vitamin D intakes of Canadian children and adults are inadequate

Vitamin D is largely obtained through sun-induced skin synthesis and less from dietary sources, but during Canadian winters, skin synthesis is non-existent. The objective of this study was to estimate vitamin D intakes in Canadians from food sources. Data used in this study included food intakes of Canadians reported in the 2004 Canadian Community Health Survey Cycle 2.2 (CCHS 2.2), a nationally representative sample of 34,789 persons over the age of 1 year. The mean +/- SD dietary intake of vitamin D from food of Canadians was 5.8 +/- 0.1 mu g/day, with males 9-18 years having the highest mean intakes (7.5 +/- 0.2 mu g/day) and females 51-70 years having the lowest intakes (5.2 +/- 0.3 mu g/day). Males in all age groups had higher intakes than females and White Canadians had higher vitamin D intakes than Non-Whites in most age sex groups. Milk products contributed 49% of dietary vitamin D followed by meat and meat-alternatives (31.1%). The majority of Canadians consume less than current recommended intake of vitamin D from food. Consideration should be given to strategies to improve vitamin D intake of Canadians by increasing both the amount of vitamin D added to foods and range of foods eligible for fortification. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.