Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Gerhild K. Wurzer, Markus Bacher, Oliver Musl, Nadine Kohlhuber, Irina Sulaeva, Theres Kelz, Karin Fackler, Robert H. Bischof, Hubert Hettegger, Antje Potthast, Thomas Rosenau
Summary: A new chemical modification protocol was developed to generate N-lignins using Indulin AT and Mg2+-lignosulfonate. The traditional liquid ammonoxidation reaction was optimized to a solid-state approach. Through comprehensive analysis and comparison, it was found that the N-lignins obtained with the new method showed similar properties as the traditional ammonoxidation products. The use of the urea-hydrogen peroxide complex (UHP) as a single chemical was sufficient to achieve satisfying N-content.
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Maria Juliane Suota, Thiago Alessandre da Silva, Sonia Faria Zawadzki, Guilherme Lanzi Sassaki, Fabricio Augusto Hansel, Michael Paleologou, Luiz Pereira Ramos
Summary: This paper provides a detailed characterization of hardwood and softwood kraft lignins obtained from industrial production facilities, focusing on their macromolecular properties and functional groups. LFHL and LFSL both had high lignin contents and low ash and carbohydrate contents. LFHL, with higher methoxyl content and solubility, is suitable for polyurethane foam production, while LFSL could be used for phenolformaldehyde resin replacement and carbon fiber production.
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Philipp Schlee, Dmitry Tarasov, Davide Rigo, Mikhail Balakshin
Summary: Our AqSO process has potential as a parameter-controlled biorefinery, allowing for tailored lignin products. We characterized the structure of AqSO lignins using NMR and investigated the effects of process severity and liquid-to-solid ratio. Lower severity and L/S=1 led to less degraded lignin with higher β-O-4 content, while harsher conditions yielded more condensed lignins. We identified and quantified new lignin moieties and hypothesized the formation of lignin carbohydrate complexes at low severity and L/S.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Petter Paulsen Thoresen, Heiko Lange, Claudia Crestini, Ulrika Rova, Leonidas Matsakas, Paul Christakopoulos
Summary: The extraction of lignin from silver birch under varying process conditions results in lignins with characteristic bonding motifs. High ethanol content extraction generates low molecular weight lignins suitable for producing free phenolics, while higher acid catalyst content leads to oxidation of side chains and the potential production of lignins with various applications. Increasing the acid catalyst content generates lignin with potential applications such as antioxidants, carbon fiber, nanoparticles, and water remediation.
Review
Forestry
Gerhild K. Wurzer, Hubert Hettegger, Robert H. Bischof, Karin Fackler, Antje Potthast, Thomas Rosenau
Summary: Lignosulfonates, by-products of the pulp and paper industry, have various potential applications in agriculture, such as improving soil quality, enhancing fertilizer efficacy, and replacing harmful chemicals. However, further research and long-term studies are needed to develop economically competitive products.
Article
Forestry
Cagri Olgun, Saim Ates
Summary: In this study, lignin samples were isolated from different sources and compared with commercial kraft lignin. The results showed that all the isolated lignin samples (except wheat straw) were highly pure. The polydispersity and molecular weight of all the isolated lignin samples were higher than commercial lignin, but they were suitable for high-value applications. In particular, wheat straw lignin has great potential for use in extruders due to its higher syringyl content.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Filipa M. Casimiro, Carina A. E. Costa, Carlos Vega-Aguilar, Alirio E. Rodrigues
Summary: This study evaluated the structural characteristics of lignins obtained from hardwood and softwood sulfite liquors and studied their oxidative depolymerization process. The results showed that lignin could be used as a raw material to produce high-value products such as vanillin and syringaldehyde.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Gerhild K. Wurzer, Markus Bacher, Hubert Hettegger, Ivan Sumerskii, Oliver Musl, Karin Fackler, Robert H. Bischof, Antje Potthast, Thomas Rosenau
Summary: The study introduces a novel and fast approach for solubilizing genuine, modified, and fractionated lignosulfonates and quantitatively analyzing hydroxy groups by P-31 NMR after derivatization. This new method shows promise for analyzing a wider range of lignosulfonates, particularly those that are difficult to dissolve in conventional solvent systems.
ANALYTICAL METHODS
(2021)
Article
Polymer Science
Jhon Chique, Lina Uribe, Marek Pawlik, Andres Ramirez, Leopoldo Gutierrez
Summary: The foaming properties of three lignosulfonate samples were investigated in this study by measuring surface tension, foamability, bubble size distributions, and water recovery. It was found that all lignosulfonates showed surface activity that decreased with pH and was related to anionicity and molecular weight. The NaLS lignosulfonate displayed the highest dynamic foamability index (DFI) value, and the KLS and NaLS samples had the strongest effect on bubble size and water recovery.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Piia Joul, Tran T. Ho, Urve Kallavus, Alar Konist, Kristiina Leiman, Olivia-Stella Salm, Maria Kulp, Mihkel Koel, Tiit Lukk
Summary: The production of novel materials and value-added chemicals from lignin has received significant attention in recent years. Lignin, due to its abundant occurrence in nature, has been identified as a potential feedstock for the production of functional materials such as aerogels. This study focuses on the preparation and characterization of lignin-based aerogels using different types of lignocellulosic biomass. The obtained aerogels showed promising properties with high specific surface areas and total pore volumes.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Guangxu Yang, Zhenggang Gong, Xiaolin Luo, Lihui Chen, Li Shuai
Summary: A method for preparing lignin-based wood adhesives from biomass has been developed, which can replace traditional synthetic adhesives. Plywood with superior performances can be produced using these adhesives, making them promising alternatives in various industries.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Jost Ruwoldt, Mihaela Tanase-Opedal, Kristin Syverud
Summary: In this article, the authors explored solvents with lower harmfulness for UV spectrophotometry of lignin. They measured the absorptivity of lignin samples in different solvents and compared their purity. They also determined the Hansen solubility parameter of technical lignins and found that solvents with similar HSP had higher absorptivity. They identified ethylene glycol and a mixture of propylene carbonate, water, and ethanol as suitable solvents for lignin analysis. The authors compared different methods for determining phenolic hydroxyl units and found discrepancies between procedures and solvents. They concluded that several solvents were less harmful and important to consider when conducting UV spectrophotometry of lignin.
Article
Plant Sciences
Koichi Yoshioka, Hoon Kim, Fachuang Lu, Nette De Ridder, Ruben Vanholme, Shinya Kajita, Wout Boerjan, John Ralph
Summary: A previously overlooked benzofuran moiety was discovered in lignin, revealing its potential mechanistic role in lignification.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Dimitris S. Argyropoulos, Nicolo Pajer, Claudia Crestini
Summary: The development of sustainable biorefinery products faces challenges in lignin and tannin valorization due to their complexity and variability, requiring a protocol for rapid and unequivocal identification and quantification of functional groups in polyphenols for further utilization. Quantitative P-31 NMR provides an efficient method for identifying different functional groups in lignins and tannins with high application potential, offering clear signals highly dependent on the surrounding chemical environment.
JOVE-JOURNAL OF VISUALIZED EXPERIMENTS
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Michael Schwaighofer, Luis Zelaya-Lainez, Markus Koenigsberger, Markus Lukacevic, Sebastian Serna-Loaiza, Michael Harasek, Olaf Lahayne, Valentin Senk, Josef Fuessl
Summary: Lignin, a by-product of the pulp and papermaking industry, has potential for development as renewable materials. However, its mechanical properties and dependence on extraction process and feedstock are unknown. This study tested five different lignins extracted using different processes and feedstocks. Evaluation and microstructure analysis showed reliable indentation properties of the porous lignins, and micromechanics homogenization theory revealed the similar mechanical properties of solid lignin in all samples, regardless of chemical structure, with a Young's modulus of 7.1 GPa.
MATERIALS & DESIGN
(2023)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Martina Komendova, Suhas Nawada, Radovan Metelka, Peter J. Schoenmakers, Jiri Urban
JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A
(2020)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Liana S. Roca, Suzan E. Schoemaker, Bob W. J. Pirok, Andrea F. G. Gargano, Peter J. Schoenmakers
JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A
(2020)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Theodora Adamopoulou, Sander Deridder, Tijmen S. Bos, Suhas Nawada, Gert Desmet, Peter J. Schoenmakers
JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A
(2020)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Noor Abdulhussain, Suhas Nawada, Sinead Currivan, Marta Passamonti, Peter Schoenmakers
JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A
(2020)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Ton Brooijmans, Pascal Breuer, Peter J. Schoenmakers, Ron A. H. Peters
JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A
(2020)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Ton Brooijmans, Pascal Breuer, Aniek Schreuders, Myrthe van Tilburg, Peter J. Schoenmakers, Ron A. H. Peters
Summary: Water-borne polymers are in increasing demand due to their eco-friendly profile. Non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis was developed for selective analysis of incorporated acidic monomers. Two approaches were compared, showing that polymers with different compositions and acid contents can be effectively separated based on charge-to-size ratio by NACE.
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
(2021)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Noor Abdulhussain, Suhas Nawada, Peter Schoenmakers
Summary: This review focuses on the importance of separation and characterization of complex mixtures, particularly in the context of online three-dimensional separation systems. Various combinations are discussed to provide detailed information on complex samples and the need for higher peak capacities. Overall, the review highlights the potential performance, advantages, perspectives, and results obtained from these systems in the past decade.
Review
Chemistry, Analytical
Iro K. Ventouri, Susanne Loeber, Govert W. Somsen, Peter J. Schoenmakers, Alina Astefanei
Summary: Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) is a size-based separation technique with mild separation conditions and a broad working range, primarily used for measuring particle size, polydispersity, and physical stability in various complex and fragile systems, offering insights into molecular interactions and providing information on interaction kinetics.
ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Marta Passamonti, Chiem de Roos, Peter J. Schoenmakers, Andrea F. G. Gargano
Summary: In this study, polymerization mixture was optimized to synthesize poly(acrylamide-co-N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide) monolithic stationary phases for HILIC of intact proteins. The monolithic structure exhibited a permeable and polar stationary phase suitable for HILIC. The monolith showed superior separation performance and lower ion interaction compared to silica-based particulate amide phase, enabling successful hyphenation with high-resolution mass spectrometry in HILIC of intact proteins.
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Leon E. Niezen, Peter J. Schoenmakers, Bob W. J. Pirok
Summary: The present study aims to quantitatively and critically compare various drift and noise-removal algorithms, and develops a data generation tool for rigorous and fair comparison. The results show that the combination of sparsity-assisted signal smoothing and asymmetrically reweighted penalized least-squares performs well for relatively low noise signals, while for noisier signals, the combination of sparsity-assisted signal smoothing and a local minimum value approach to background correction leads to smaller absolute errors in peak area.
ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Mimi J. den Uijl, Yorn J. H. L. van Der Wijst, Iris Groeneveld, Peter J. Schoenmakers, Bob W. J. Pirok, Maarten R. van Bommel
Summary: Photodegradation has a significant impact on everyday life. However, studying photodegradation can be challenging due to factors such as the length of time needed for degradation and difficulties in obtaining pure compounds. A novel light-exposure cell based on liquid-core-waveguide technology has been developed, which can facilitate the study of photodegradation processes. The system has been successfully applied to the degradation of various compounds, including synthetic organic colorants and food dyes, as well as the analysis of vitamin B complex.
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Leon E. Niezen, Bastiaan B. P. Staal, Christiane Lang, Harry J. A. Philipsen, Bob W. J. Pirok, Govert W. Somsen, Peter J. Schoenmakers
Summary: This study demonstrates that the influence of molecular weight distribution on chemical composition distribution analysis can be reduced using recycling gradient liquid chromatography. The method shows high accuracy and usefulness in determining the chemical composition distribution and evaluating critical conditions of polymers.
JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Federico Croci, Jan Vilim, Theodora Adamopoulou, Vasilis Tseliou, Peter J. Schoenmakers, Tanja Knaus, Francesco G. Mutti
Summary: This study demonstrates how the merger of biocatalysis with flow chemistry, aided by 3D-printing technologies, can facilitate organic synthesis. The researchers immobilized amine dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase in a continuous flow micro-reactor for the reductive amination of benzaldehyde. Entrapment of the enzymes in an agarose hydrogel proved to be the most promising solution for this biocatalytic reaction.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Leon E. Niezen, Jordy D. Kruijswijk, Gerben B. van Henten, Bob W. J. Pirok, Bastiaan B. P. Staal, Wolfgang Radke, Harry J. A. Philipsen, Govert W. Somsen, Peter J. Schoenmakers
Summary: The properties of a polymeric material are affected by its molecular distributions, such as molecular-weight (MWD), chemical-composition (CCD), and block-length (BLD) distributions. Gradient elution liquid chromatography (LC) is commonly used to determine the CCD. In this study, the potential of gradient size-exclusion chromatography (gSEC) for CCD analysis was explored and compared with conventional gradient-elution reversed-phase LC. The influence of mobile-phase composition, stationary-phase particle pore size, and column temperature was investigated.
ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Iro Konstantina Ventouri, Wayne Chang, Florian Meier, Roland Drexel, Govert W. Somsen, Peter J. Schoenmakers, Bart de Spiegeleer, Rob Haselberg, Alina Astefanei
Summary: We developed an online analytical platform combining asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) with native mass spectrometry (nMS) for studying labile higher-order structures (HOS) of protein biotherapeutics. The platform also utilizes UV absorbance, multi-angle light scattering (MALS), and differential refractive-index (UV-MALS-dRI) detectors. We studied the stability and dissociation pathways of the tetrameric biotherapeutic enzyme L-asparaginase (ASNase) and found the presence of intact octamers and degradation products using AF4-MALS/nMS. Exposure of ASNase to high pH disrupted the equilibrium between non-covalent species and led to HOS dissociation. The developed platform provides valuable insights for aggregation and stability studies of protein biopharmaceuticals.
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
(2023)
