Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Jianyu Chen, Yizhou Wang, Sijia Li, Huanran Chen, Xin Qiao, Jin Zhao, Yanwen Ma, Husam N. Alshareef
Summary: Alkali metals are promising anode materials for next-generation high-energy-density batteries, but uneven current and ion distribution may cause undesirable dendrite growth. This article introduces a smart and versatile strategy to incorporate alkali metals into porous metal current collectors, addressing these issues and promoting the practical application of alkali metal anodes.
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Pengcheng Zhu, Dominika Gastol, Jean Marshall, Roberto Sommerville, Vannessa Goodship, Emma Kendrick
Summary: This review article presents six types of materials for current collectors, including Al, Cu, Ni, Ti, stainless steel and carbonaceous materials, and compares them based on five aspects of electrochemical stability, electrical conductivity, mechanical property, density, and sustainability. The effects of three different structures of foil, mesh, and foam as well as two treatments of chemical etching and coating are also discussed, highlighting future opportunities for next-generation lithium-ion batteries.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2021)
Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Bingxin Zhou, Arman Bonakdarpour, Ivan Stosevski, Baizeng Fang, David P. Wilkinson
Summary: The energy density of lithium metal batteries could be much higher than that of current graphite anode-based LIBs. However, dendritic lithium growth and unstable solid-electrolyte interface are challenges. Modifications of the commonly used copper current collector have been investigated to improve battery performance.
PROGRESS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Kaixuan Cui, Wang Zhao, Dongmei Zhou, Shengwei Li, Chunrong Liu, Ping Li, Xuanhui Qu
Summary: Through systematic investigation, this study found that W is a relatively stable material as the positive current collector (PCC) of LillSb-Sn liquid metal batteries, which is significant for improving the performance of the battery.
ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Declan Finn Keogh, Victoria Timchenko, John Reizes, Chris Menictas
Summary: Liquid Metal Batteries offer promising grid-scale energy storage with low costs, high energy and current densities, and low fade rates. This study investigates the interaction of Rayleigh-Be & acute;nard convection and Electro-vortex flow, finding that current strength can affect the stability of convection cells and lead to dominance of Electro-vortex flow in the central region of the electrode. The results provide insight into the interaction between these flow phenomena in the anodes of discharging Liquid Metal Batteries.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Ang Fu, Chaozhi Wang, Jian Peng, Min Su, Fei Pei, Jingqin Cui, Xiaoliang Fang, Jian-Feng Li, Nanfeng Zheng
Summary: The study introduces a formate-treatment strategy to reconstruct Cu current collectors for increased lithiophilicity and oxidation resistibility. The full cell using these treated Cu nanowires as anode current collectors shows excellent cycling performance, and the concept of an upper current collector simplifies the manufacturing process of Li/Cu anodes.
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
(2021)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Zhengran Wang, Chuanliang Wei, Huiyu Jiang, Yuchan Zhang, Kangdong Tian, Yuan Li, Xinlu Zhang, Shenglin Xiong, Chenghui Zhang, Jinkui Feng
Summary: This paper provides a comprehensive review on the applications and progress of MXene in current collectors. The unique structure, large surface area, and high conductivity of MXene have made it a promising material for current collectors in rechargeable batteries. Various effective strategies, such as vacuum filtration, freeze-drying, and in situ electrodeposition, have been presented and achieved positive effects.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Wei Dong, Kai Wang, Jinlong Han, Yang Yu, Guohua Liu, Cheng Li, Peifei Tong, Wenjie Li, Chunlei Yang, Ziheng Lu
Summary: A facile laser processing technique was developed to fabricate laser-structured copper foils (LSCFs) that can regulate lithium deposition kinetics and increase cycle life of LMBs. The laser processing technique relieves internal stress of lithium and prohibits the piecing of SEI, leading to a high Coulombic efficiency and stable performance. This work provides a fast and effective laser-based approach to construct highly stable lithium metal anodes.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Huihua Li, Huang Zhang, Fanglin Wu, Maider Zarrabeitia, Dorin Geiger, Ute Kaiser, Alberto Varzi, Stefano Passerini
Summary: Anode-less sodium metal batteries with Cu@C composite as a sodiophilic layer show improved cycling performance and Coulombic efficiency. Cu@C also inhibits side reactions, dendrite growth, and accumulation of dead sodium, resulting in outstanding rate capability and long-term cycling life.
ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Mechanics
An-Kang Gao, Chris D. Cantwell, Onur Son, Spencer J. Sherwin
Summary: In this study, the three-dimensional transition and force characteristics of plunging airfoils are investigated using experimental measurements, numerical simulations, and linear stability analysis. The interaction between the leading-edge vortex (LEV), the previous-cycle LEV (pLEV), and the trailing-edge vortex (TEV) is found to be the primary factor affecting the 3-D transition and associated forces. The results show that different interaction patterns and vortex pairs have different effects on the stability and lift of the LEV, depending on the range of the chord-based Strouhal number St(c).
JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Jun Ho Lee, Yoon-Gyo Cho, Dongeun Gu, Suk Jun Kim
Summary: This study demonstrates that coating a Cu current collector with PdTe2 thin films can significantly improve the electrochemical performance of anode-free lithium batteries. The PdTe2 acts as a seed layer and promotes high Coulombic efficiency, while the CuTe interphase helps suppress lithium dendrite growth, resulting in smooth lithium plating.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2022)
Article
Mechanics
Peter Frick, Sergei Mandrykin, Vladislav Eltishchev, Ilya Kolesnichenko
Summary: The study investigates the flow of liquid metal induced by electric current in a cylindrical cell, and finds that the ratio of electro-vortex flows and rotational forces affects the evolution of flow structure.
JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS
(2022)
Article
Mechanics
Alexander Nepomnyashchy, Ilya Simanovskii
Summary: This study investigates the effect of vibration on Marangoni flows in a droplet on a liquid substrate. Numerical analysis using longwave amplitude equations shows that vibration can change the shape of the droplet, resulting in rhombic droplets. The shape of the droplet significantly influences its oscillations.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yu-Kai Huang, Heyin Chen, Leif Nyholm
Summary: The nucleation of lithium directly on the copper current collector in anode-free lithium-metal batteries is limited by poor control and diffusion of lithium into the copper substrate via grain boundaries. Prelithiation of the copper surface improves the nucleation process by saturating the surface with lithium, reducing the influence of lithium diffusion. This leads to more homogeneous lithium nucleation, especially when a short potentiostatic nucleation pulse is applied.
Article
Mechanics
Cheng-Nian Xiao, Inanc Senocak
Summary: Stationary longitudinal vortical rolls can occur in shallow slope katabatic and anabatic Prandtl slope flows when the surface buoyancy flux is sufficiently large. The self-pairing of these rolls is a unique flow structure that resembles speaker-wires. Subharmonic modes dominate over fundamental modes, leading to the relative stability of a single vortex pair compared to multiple pairs.
JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Ivan Glavinic, Vladimir Galindo, Frank Stefani, Sven Eckert, Thomas Wondrak
Summary: This article presents the recent developments of Contactless Inductive Flow Tomography (CIFT) as a real-time monitoring system for flow control of liquid metals. By compensating for the effects of EMBr strength changes and solving the inverse problem in real-time, CIFT can be successfully integrated with EMBr.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Kashif Mushtaq, Ji Zhao, Norbert Weber, Adelio Mendes, Donald R. Sadoway
Summary: The Liquid Displacement Battery (LDB) is a new type of battery featuring a porous electronically conductive faradaic membrane, which helps improve the cell's coulombic efficiency. The addition of PbO to the electrolyte can mitigate self-discharge and enhance the battery's performance.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Mechanics
Vivaswat Kumar, Federico Pizzi, Andre Giesecke, Jan Simkanin, Thomas Gundrum, Matthias Ratajczak, Frank Stefani
Summary: The effect of the nutation angle on the flow inside a precessing cylinder is experimentally studied and compared with numerical simulations. The breakdown of the directly forced m =1 Kelvin mode and the transition between laminar and turbulent flows are investigated. The findings show that prograde rotation leads to an earlier breakdown, while retrograde rotation allows the forced mode to exist at higher Poincare numbers. The occurrence and intensity of an axisymmetric double-roll mode greatly influence the self-excitation condition of the kinematic dynamo study, which is sensitive to the nutation angle and Poincare number.
Article
Mathematics, Applied
Janis Priede
Summary: This study demonstrates that interfacial gravity waves with strong hydraulic jumps can be described using a two-layer hydrostatic shallow-water approximation. The theory is based on a new momentum equation derived in a locally conservative form, containing a free parameter alpha. This parameter determines the relative contribution of each layer to the pressure at the interface, affecting only hydraulic jumps. The Rankine-Hugoniot jump conditions for the momentum and mass conservation equations are mathematically equivalent to the classical front conditions.
STUDIES IN APPLIED MATHEMATICS
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Gerrit M. Horstmann, George Mamatsashvili, Andre Giesecke, Teimuraz V. Zaqarashvili, Frank Stefani
Summary: This paper investigates the resonance of atmospheric waves in planet-hosting solar-like stars to tidal forcing and their potential impact on space weather and dynamo activity. A forced wave model is formulated for the tachocline layer, which is considered as the birthplace of various magnetohydrodynamic planetary waves. The results show that Rossby waves resonating to low-frequency perturbations can reach significant velocity amplitudes, but this is strongly dependent on the unknown frictional damping parameter.
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Mathematics, Applied
F. Garcia, J. Ogbonna, A. Giesecke, F. Stefani
Summary: This study considers the magnetised spherical Couette (MSC) problem as a paradigmatic model in geo- and astrophysics to investigate bifurcations and chaotic flows in large-scale dissipative dynamical systems with symmetry. The goal is to understand the origin of chaotic transients and intermittent behavior through Hopf bifurcations involving invariant tori. Numerical evidence is provided to demonstrate the existence of a crisis event that destroys chaotic attractors and gives rise to chaotic transients. The study also reveals the involvement of unstable invariant tori in the time evolution of these chaotic transients. For one bifurcation sequence, the study shows that chaotic transients exhibit on-off intermittent behavior, and a possible explanatory mechanism is discussed.
COMMUNICATIONS IN NONLINEAR SCIENCE AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Janis Priede
Summary: This study focuses on a special type of hydraulic jumps, known as internal bores, in a vertically bounded system with two immiscible fluids. These internal bores conserve mass, impulse, circulation, and energy, but only under specific combinations of upstream and downstream states. The study identifies two such combinations, one with a cross-symmetry between interface height and shear, and the other with a marginally stable shear flow. Both types of conservative jumps are found to be long-wave approximations of solibores and are related to wave dispersion. A new analytical solution for solibores is obtained and agrees well with previous simulations.
JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Raul Alejandro Avalos-Zuniga, Janis Priede
Summary: We conducted three successful experiments with a Bullard-type homopolar disc dynamo. The setup included a copper disc and a spiral coil, with sliding liquid-metal contacts for electrical connection. The magnetic field and radial voltage drop across the coil were measured. The disc rotation rate reached 7 Hz, resulting in a significantly strong magnetic field in the coil.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
F. Stefani, J. Beer, T. Weier
Summary: The question of whether the solar dynamo is synchronized by tidal forces has recently gained renewed interest. In this study, we analyze cosmogenic radionuclide data to contribute to solving this longstanding puzzle. Our findings suggest that the C-14-inferred sunspot data are well compatible with a synchronized solar dynamo, with a relatively phase-stable period of 11.07 years, indicating the synchronizing role of the Venus-Earth-Jupiter system's spring tides.
Review
Instruments & Instrumentation
Max Sieger, Rahul Mitra, Ivan Glavinic, Matthias Ratajczak, Stefanie Sonntag, Thomas Gundrum, Frank Stefani, Thomas Wondrak, Sven Eckert
Summary: Contactless Inductive Flow Tomography (CIFT) is a flow measurement technique for reconstructing global 3D flow in electrically conducting fluids. Understanding flow conditions in liquid metals is crucial for industrial processes like continuous casting of steel. CIFT can also be used in fundamental research to measure convective liquid metal flows. The technique relies on precise measurement of small magnetic field changes and solving the linear inverse problem to reconstruct the flow field. This publication showcases both fundamental and applied fluid mechanics use cases.
TM-TECHNISCHES MESSEN
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
M. Klevs, F. Stefani, L. Jouve
Summary: We studied a conventional a-O-dynamo model with meridional circulation that showed typical features of the solar dynamo, including a 20-year Hale-cycle period and a reasonable butterfly diagram shape. To explore the possibility of tidal synchronization of the solar cycle, we added a localized, time-periodic a-term in the tachocline region. Our results indicated that amplitudes of several decimeters per second are sufficient for this a-term to affect the underlying dynamo. We provided arguments suggesting that such amplitudes of a may be realistic, given the achievable velocities in the range of m/s, such as tidally excited magneto-Rossby waves.
Article
Physics, Fluids & Plasmas
Ashish Mishra, George Mamatsashvili, Frank Stefani
Summary: Magnetorotational instability (MRI) is the most likely mechanism driving angular momentum transport in astrophysical disks. However, direct experimental evidence of MRI in the laboratory is still lacking. This study focuses on the nonlinear evolution and saturation properties of the standard version of MRI (SMRI) in a Taylor-Couette flow and analyzes its scaling behavior with respect to various parameters. The results provide valuable insights for identifying SMRI in laboratory experiments.
PHYSICAL REVIEW FLUIDS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Nico Krauter, Frank Stefani
Summary: The Eddy Current Flow Meter (ECFM) is commonly used inductive sensor for measuring the flow rate or velocity of liquid metals. However, it is limited by its dependency on the magnetic Reynolds number for voltage signals. This paper introduces a novel approach using a Look-Up-Table methodology to concurrently measure electrical conductivity and flow velocity, even without precise knowledge of the liquid metal's conductivity or temperature.
Article
Mechanics
I Glavinc, F. Stefani, S. Eckert, T. Wondrak
Summary: The lack of suitable flow measurement techniques for liquid steel in continuous casting hinders the improvement of product quality. Contactless Inductive Flow Tomography (CIFT) is a promising measurement technique that provides information about the flow structure in the mould.
MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS
(2022)
Article
Nuclear Science & Technology
Nico Krauter, Vladimir Galindo, Thomas Wondrak, Sven Eckert, Gunter Gerbeth
Summary: This paper investigates the performance of the ECFM in flows inclined to the sensor axis through numerical simulations and model experiments. The results demonstrate that the ECFM yields reliable results for flow angles up to 30 deg while the sensitivity of the sensor is significantly reduced for larger angles.
JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND RADIATION SCIENCE
(2022)
