Impact of Distal Mutation on Hydrogen Transfer Interface and Substrate Conformation in Soybean Lipoxygenase

The impact of distal mutation on the hydrogen transfer interface properties and on the substrate mobility, conformation, and orientation in soybean lipoxygenase-1 (SLO) is examined. SLO catalyzes a hydrogen abstraction reaction that occurs by a proton-coupled electron transfer mechanism. Mutation of isoleucine 553 to less bulky residues has been found experimentally to increase the magnitude and temperature dependence of the kinetic isotope effect for this reaction. This residue borders the linoleic acid substrate but is similar to 15 angstrom from the active site iron. In the present study, we model these experimental data with a vibronically nonadiabatic theory and perform all-atom molecular dynamics simulations on the complete solvated wild-type and mutant enzymes. Our calculations indicate that the proton transfer equilibrium distance increases and the associated frequency decreases as residue 553 becomes less bulky. The molecular dynamics simulations illustrate that this mutation impacts the mobility, geometrical conformation, and orientation of the linoleic acid within the active site. In turn, these effects alter the proton donor acceptor equilibrium distance and frequency, leading to the experimentally observed changes in the magnitude and temperature dependence of the kinetic isotope effect. This study provides insight into how the effects of distal mutations may be transmitted in enzymes to ultimately impact the catalytic rates.