Study of the photolytic and photocatalytic transformation of amiloride in water

The diffusion of drug residues in wastewaters and surface waters as rivers and streams may constitute a problem for the environment, with consequences on the ecosystem and also on the human health. This paper deals with the study of the photo-induced transformation of amiloride, an orally administered diuretic agent, under simulated solar light. Direct photolysis and photocatalyzed degradation processes, using titanium dioxide as a photocatalyst, were investigated. The study involved the monitoring of the drug decomposition, the identification of intermediate compounds of the decomposition, the assessment of mineralization, as well as the evaluation of the toxicity associated to the degradation products. Amiloride underwent complete degradation within 30 min of irradiation (heterogeneous photocatalysis) or 4 h (homogeneous photolysis). HPLC coupled to HRMS, via ESI interface, demonstrated to be a powerful tool to identify and measure degradation products of the studied drug. By considering the photocatalytic process, the identified intermediates are formed through: (1) dechlorination and hydroxylation of the heteroaromatic ring; (2) the detachment of the guanidinic moiety; (3) cleavage of the heteroaromatic ring. The drug photomineralization was a rather slow process and after 4 h of irradiation 25% of the total organic carbon (TOC) was still present. Chlorine was stoichiometrically released as chloride ions within the considered irradiation times (4 h), while nitrogen was only partially converted into ammonium ions. This was due to the formation of guanidine, known to be hardly mineralized photocatalytically, and some other small molecules still containing the nitrogen. Acute toxicity, measured with a Vibrio fischery assay, showed that amiloride transformation proceeded through the formation of toxic compounds. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.