Human Masseter Muscle Fiber Type Properties, Skeletal Malocclusions, and Muscle Growth Factor Expression

Purpose: We identified masseter muscle fiber type property differences in subjects with dentofacial deformities. Patients and Methods: Samples of masseter muscle were collected from 139 young adults during mandibular osteotomy procedures to assess mean fiber areas and percent tissue occupancies for the 4 fiber types that comprise the muscle. Subjects were classified into 1 of 6 malocclusion groups based on the presence of a skeletal Class II or III sagittal dimension malocclusion and either a skeletal open, deep, or normal bite vertical dimension malocclusion. In a subpopulation, relative quantities of the muscle growth factors IGF-I and GDF-8 gene expression were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: Fiber properties were not different in the sagittal malocclusion groups, but were very different in the vertical malocclusion groups (P < .0004). There were significant mean fiber area differences for type II (P <= .0004) and type neonatal-atrial (P = .001) fiber types and for fiber percent occupancy differences for both type I-II hybrid fibers and type II fibers (P <= .0004). Growth factor expression differed by gender for IGF-I (P = .02) and GDF-8 (P < .01). The ratio of IGF-I: GDF-8 expression associates with type I and II mean fiber areas. Conclusion: Fiber type properties are very closely associated with variations in vertical growth of the face, with statistical significance for overall comparisons at P <= .0004. An increase in masseter muscle type II fiber mean fiber areas and percent tissue occupancies is inversely related to increases in vertical facial dimension. (C) 2012 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons J Oral Maxillofac Surg 70: 440-448, 2012