Article
Ophthalmology
Qihang Li, He Zhu, Miaomiao Fan, Jing Sun, Peter S. Reinach, Yuhan Wang, Jia Qu, Xiangtian Zhou, Fuxin Zhao
Summary: The process of eye axis lengthening in myopic eyes is regulated by multiple mechanisms in the retina, and intracellular Ca2+ plays an important role in the regulatory role of horizontal cells (HCs) in the retinal neural network. This study developed a novel calcium fluorescence indicator system to monitor HCs' intracellular Ca2+ levels during the progression of form-deprivation myopia (FDM) in mice. The results suggest that FDM progression is associated with declines in HC Ca2+ signaling activity.
EXPERIMENTAL EYE RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Developmental Biology
Estie Schick, Kevin C. Gonzalez, Pooja Dutta, Kazi Hossain, Miruna G. Ghinia Tegla, Mark M. Emerson
Summary: This study identified OC1ECR22 and Tfap2aACR5 elements as potential enhancers for OC1 and TFAP2A, respectively, specifically active in developing horizontal cells. The activation of OC1ECR22 by PTF1A and RBPJ regulates OC1 expression, suggesting PTF1A as a direct activator of OC1 in developing horizontal cells. The region responsible for the activation of Tfap2aACR5 was determined to be a 100 bp sequence named Motif 4. Both OC1ECR22 and Tfap2aACR5 are negatively regulated by the nuclear receptors THRB and RXRG, indicating a potential role of nuclear receptors in the negative regulation of horizontal cell development.
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Neurosciences
Fusao Kawai
Summary: Retinal horizontal cells have broad receptive fields that contribute to generating antagonistic surround responses in retinal bipolar cells. This study found that depolarizing responses of yellow/red, blue-type horizontal cells exhibit a larger receptive field than hyperpolarizing responses at monochromatic lights between 480 nm and 520 nm. The depolarization or hyperpolarization of these cells may regulate the size of the surround receptive field in bipolar cells, which play a key role in visual contrast detection.
JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biology
Michael W. Country, Michael G. Jonz
Summary: By studying the responses of goldfish and rainbow trout retinal cells to hypoxia, it was found that goldfish maintain [Ca2+](i) stably by using mitochondrial ATP-dependent K+ channels (mK(ATP)) to resist excitotoxicity, while rainbow trout experience a rapid increase in [Ca2+](i) during hypoxia, which can be life-threatening.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Neurosciences
Michael W. Country, Elly Dimya Htite, Isaiah A. Samson, Michael G. Jonz
Summary: Horizontal cells in the outer retina are classified into four subtypes (H1-H4) with different characteristics, and show differences in Ca2+-based action potentials. Experimental results demonstrate that as the subtype changes, the duration and area of action potentials also changes, suggesting a potential role for action potentials in inhibitory feedback in the outer retina.
JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Anatomy & Morphology
Tapas C. Nag, Bhaskar Sharma, Shilpa Gorla
Summary: This paper investigates the glycogen store in the retinal horizontal cells (HC) of the African mud catfish Clarias gariepinus. The results show that glycogen is abundant in the large HC somata and less in their axons. Glycogen is likely used as an energy substrate in hypoxia for this species.
Article
Neurosciences
Lydia M. Mathger, Kevin Zhao, Lena Herbst
Summary: Research on retinal specializations in skates revealed uneven distribution of photoreceptors, with a horizontally located visual streak showing higher density. Photoreceptors varied in length and thickness at different locations, and displayed tilting within the eye. These findings provide insights into the animal's anatomy, lifestyle, and habitat types.
JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY
(2021)
Review
Cell Biology
Sabrina Carrella, Sandro Banfi, Marianthi Karali
Summary: Photoreceptors are specialized neuroepithelial cells responsible for sensory transduction of light stimuli in the retina. Due to their function, photoreceptors are exposed to continuous cellular stress, requiring tightly regulated molecular mechanisms for maintaining their function, with non-coding RNAs playing a central role.
FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Business
Rana Tahir Naveed, Homoud Alhaidan, Hussam Al Halbusi, Abdullah Kaid Al-Swidi
Summary: This study examines the impact of organizational culture on organizational effectiveness through organizational innovation. It found that organizational culture positively influences organizational effectiveness through the mediating role of organizational innovation. Additionally, organizational resistance plays an important role in strengthening the relationship between organizational culture and effectiveness through organizational innovation.
JOURNAL OF INNOVATION & KNOWLEDGE
(2022)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Zizhong Hu, Xiying Mao, Mingkang Chen, Xinjing Wu, Tianye Zhu, Yu Liu, Zhengyu Zhang, Wen Fan, Ping Xie, Songtao Yuan, Qinghuai Liu
Summary: This study utilized single-cell RNA sequencing to characterize proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) vitreous fibrovascular membranes (FVMs). They identified eight cellular compositions, with microglia as the major cell population. They discovered a profibrotic subpopulation of microglia that was uniquely differentiated from retina-resident microglia and expanded in the PDR setting. Ligand-receptor interactions between the profibrotic microglia and cytokines upregulated in PDR vitreous implicated the involvement of several pathways in the microglial activation within the PDR microenvironment.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Geetika Kaur, Nikhlesh K. Singh
Summary: Retinal neurodegeneration, commonly manifested as apoptosis or impaired function of photoreceptors, is a major cause of irreversible vision loss and blindness. This review summarizes the extensive research conducted on the pathogenesis and treatment of retinal degenerative diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, inherited retinal dystrophies, retinitis pigmentosa, Stargardt macular dystrophy, and Leber congenital amaurosis. The role of inflammation in retinal degeneration is highlighted, and various therapeutic approaches, such as gene therapy and stem cell-based therapies, are evaluated.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Jialing Zhang, Ting Zhang, Shaoxue Zeng, Xinyuan Zhang, Fanfan Zhou, Mark C. Gillies, Ling Zhu
Summary: Age-related diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and age-related macular disease, have become increasingly prominent as the population ages. Oxygen is essential for living organisms, but it may also cause disease when it is transformed into reactive oxygen species via biological processes in cells. Most of the production of ROS occurs in mitochondrial complexes I and III. Accumulation of ROS in cells causes oxidative stress, which plays a crucial role in human ageing and many diseases. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a key antioxidant transcription factor that regulates many downstream antioxidative enzymes when cells are exposed to oxidative stress. A bZIP transcription factor, MAF, specifically the small MAF subfamily (sMAFs), forms heterodimers with Nrf2 in response to oxidative stress. The role of this complex in the human retina remains unclear. This review summarises the current knowledge about Nrf2 and its downstream signalling, especially its cofactor-MAF, in ageing and diseases, focusing on the retina. Targeting Nrf2 is hypothesised to be a promising therapeutic approach for many age-related diseases due to its role as the master regulator of redox homeostasis in cells.
Article
Psychology, Multidisciplinary
Lei Shi
Summary: This study investigates the impact of strategic HR outsourcing on organizational sustainability, and finds that organizational capabilities and HR proficiency mediate this relationship.
FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Psychology, Multidisciplinary
Senay Kebede, Aimin Wang
Summary: Recent studies have shown that organizations must adapt to a constantly changing market to succeed, but most change efforts fail due to employee resistance. This research finds that employees' perceptions of fair treatment by their organizations positively predict their readiness for change. The study also demonstrates that perceived organizational support mediates the relationship between organizational justice and employee readiness for change.
FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Cell Biology
Antonio E. Paniagua, Alicia Segurado, Jorge F. Dolon, Julian Esteve-Rudd, Almudena Velasco, David S. Williams, Concepcion Lillo
Summary: The study reveals that CRB2 plays a crucial role in the polarization process of human RPE cells, contributing to tight junction maintenance and cell cycle arrest. Knockdown of CRB2 in RPE cells affects the distribution of apical polarity proteins and disrupts retinal homeostasis by causing invasion of activated microglial cells into the subretinal space. Overall, CRB2 is identified as a key protein for the development and maintenance of a polarized epithelium.
FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
(2021)