Review
Cell Biology
Alexandria N. Hughes
Summary: Building a functional nervous system requires coordinated actions of many glial cells, including oligodendrocytes, microglia, and astrocytes. These non-neuronal, non-oligodendroglial cells play important roles in modifying myelination patterns in the CNS.
FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Khalil S. S. Rawji, Bjorn Neumann, Robin J. M. Franklin
Summary: Aging has significant effects on the functional phenotype of glial cells, leading to an inflammatory microenvironment and increased risk of neuron and synapse loss. Additionally, aging glial cells have negative implications for central nervous system remyelination.
ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
(2023)
Review
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Weizhuo Lu, Zhiwu Chen, Jiyue Wen
Summary: Ischemic stroke is a common and serious disease, and neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in its progression. Microglia, astrocytes, and infiltrating immune cells are involved in the complicated neuroinflammation cascade, releasing different molecules that affect inflammation. Flavonoids, plant-specific compounds, have shown protective effects against cerebral ischemia injury by modulating the inflammatory responses.
BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACOTHERAPY
(2024)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ryszard Pluta, Slawomir Januszewski, Stanislaw J. Czuczwar
Summary: The article focuses on neuroinflammation in brain tissue after ischemia, particularly emphasizing ischemic stroke and potential treatment strategies.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Pin-yi Liu, Hui-qin Li, Meng-qi Dong, Xin-ya Gu, Si-yi Xu, Sheng-nan Xia, Xin-yu Bao, Yun Xu, Xiang Cao
Summary: Properdin activates Mincle receptors on microglia to drive inflammatory responses, exacerbating brain injury in ischemic stroke patients. The interaction between properdin and Mincle on microglia may be a potential therapeutic target for improving ischemic stroke prognosis.
JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION
(2023)
Review
Cell Biology
Weida Shen, Jelena Bogdanovic Pristov, Paola Nobili, Ljiljana Nikolic
Summary: Epilepsy is a neurological disorder with approximately 30% of patients being resistant to current medications. Recent research suggests that the role of glial cells in epilepsy should be considered, as their supportive roles and interaction with neurons are disrupted in epileptic brains. Dysfunction of glial cells, such as astroglial potassium channels, water channels, gap junctions, glutamate transporters, purinergic signaling, synaptogenesis, microglial inflammatory cytokines, microglia-astrocyte interactions, and oligodendroglial potassium channels, may contribute to abnormal neuronal activity and can be potential targets for new anti-epileptic drugs.
NEURAL REGENERATION RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Neurosciences
Hao-Lun Chen, Li Yang, Xiao-Li-Na Zhang, Qiu-Ye Jia, Zhao-Da Duan, Juan-juan Li, Li-yang Zheng, Teng-teng Liu, Zhi Qi, Yun Yuan, Chun-Yun Wu
Summary: Scutellarin can alleviate local inflammatory response by activating the expression of M2 microglia, and promote M2 polarization through inhibiting JNK and p38 signaling pathways while enhancing ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Therefore, scutellarin has the potential to be a therapeutic target for mitigating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation.
MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Neurosciences
Xiaoyan Huang, Mingyan Guo, Yangfan Zhang, Jiatian Xie, Rong Huang, Zhiyi Zuo, Phei Er Saw, Minghui Cao
Summary: Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a major cause of death globally, and is characterized by rapid inflammatory responses that worsen the brain injury caused by lack of blood supply. Microglia, the first responders of the immune system, play a role in this process. However, the specific role of microglial activity in ischemic brain injury is not fully understood. This study used genetically modified mice to remove microglia and found that their absence exacerbated ischemic brain injury. The study also uncovered the mechanism behind this worsening of brain injury, involving increased recruitment of neutrophils, blockage of microvessels, and impaired blood flow, as well as upregulation of a chemokine called CXCL1. The researchers demonstrated that microglial interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) can suppress the expression of CXCL1 in astrocytes, reducing neutrophil recruitment and microvessel occlusion. Treatment with antibodies against CXCL1 or administration of recombinant IL-1RA protein improved the outcomes of mice after ischemic stroke. This study highlights the importance of microglia and their secretion of IL-1RA in protecting against acute ischemic brain injury.
Review
Cell Biology
Ivo H. Hernandez, Mario Villa-Gonzalez, Gerardo Martin, Manuel Soto, Maria Jose Perez-Alvarez
Summary: Ischemic stroke, as the second leading cause of death and the first cause of long-term disability worldwide, poses a significant socioeconomic burden. Current approved treatments such as thrombectomy and rtPA administration are effective in some cases but not suitable for a large proportion of patients. Advancements in glial cell-related therapies, particularly in promoting protective phenotypes and inhibiting neurotoxic profiles, show promising results in different in vivo models of stroke. Oligodendrogenesis after brain ischemia seems beneficial, but these cells are less studied players and potential negative effects may arise in the future.
Article
Neurosciences
Dilidaer Misilimu, Wei Li, Di Chen, Pengju Wei, Yichen Huang, Sicheng Li, John Grothusen, Yanqin Gao
Summary: Salvinorin A (SA) provides neuroprotective effects after ischemic stroke by modulating the immune response and maintaining blood-brain barrier integrity, reducing brain infarct volume and improving neurological function. Experimental findings show that SA treatment inhibits brain pro-inflammatory factors expression, decreases peripheral immune cell infiltration, and preserves blood-brain barrier integrity.
JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNE PHARMACOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Neurosciences
Seiji Miyata
Summary: This review discusses the importance of the circumventricular organs (CVOs), which lack a blood-brain barrier and can sense blood-derived molecules. Recent advances have shown that glial cells in the CVOs play a crucial role in transferring peripheral inflammation signals to the brain. The CVOs have a size-limited vascular permeability and astrocytes and tanycytes form a dense barrier to prevent the free diffusion of blood-derived molecules into neighboring brain regions.
FRONTIERS IN NEUROSCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Neurosciences
Julie J. Ahn, Yusra Islam, Cheryl Clarkson-Paredes, Molly T. Karl, Robert H. Miller
Summary: Multiple sclerosis is a disease characterized by compromised blood-brain barrier and peripheral lymphocytes entering the central nervous system. Although T cells have been considered the main contributors to neuroinflammation, the success of B cell depletion therapies suggests an important role for B cells. In an animal model of MS, B cell depletion affects glial cell function and CNS vasculature.
NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE
(2023)
Article
Cell Biology
Krishna M. Nukala, Anthony J. Lilienthal, Shu Hui Lye, Alexander G. Bassuk, Stanislava Chtarbanova, J. Robert Manak
Summary: Previous work has shown that mutations in prickle cause seizures and ataxia in Drosophila, similar to human mutations in orthologous PRICKLE genes. The study reveals that pk mutant brains exhibit elevated neuronal cell death, mitochondrial oxidative stress, and innate immune response gene upregulation, which correlate with increased seizure activity. Knockdown of the immune deficiency or Toll pathways in glia reduces neuronal death and suppresses seizure activity, indicating that oxidative stress acts upstream of the innate immune response in the progression of epilepsy.
Review
Cell Biology
Tianci Chu, Lisa E. Shields, Wenxin Zeng, Yi Zhang, Yuanyi Wang, Gregory Barnes, Christopher Shields, Jun Cai
Summary: Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system by attacking the myelin sheath. Glial cells play a crucial role in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration associated with multiple sclerosis. Maintaining a balanced glial response is important for efficient remyelination and neuroregeneration.
NEURAL REGENERATION RESEARCH
(2021)
Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Weijie Chen, Yueman Zhang, Xiaozhu Zhai, Lv Xie, Yunlu Guo, Chen Chen, Yan Li, Fajun Wang, Ziyu Zhu, Li Zheng, Jieqing Wan, Peiying Li
Summary: Stroke can cause neuronal death and disruption of brain structure, leading to secondary inflammatory injury. Microglia, as scavenger cells in the brain, play an important role in the clearance of cellular debris. However, they can also exacerbate neuronal loss by phagocytosing stressed-but-viable neurons. The optimal immune response requires a delicate balance between different phenotypic states to regulate neuro-inflammation and facilitate reconstruction after stroke.
JOURNAL OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND METABOLISM
(2022)
