Review
Clinical Neurology
Brooke T. Johnson, Evan Jameyfield, Vinay K. Aakalu
Summary: Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a disfiguring disease with neuro-ophthalmic manifestations. This review focuses on the diagnosis and management of TED, including new imaging techniques and therapies.
CURRENT OPINION IN NEUROLOGY
(2021)
Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Anne Gulbins, Gina-Eva Goertz, Erich Gulbins, Anja Eckstein
Summary: Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of autoantibodies and autoreactive T cells that target the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor. This immune reaction not only affects the thyroid gland, but also leads to an immune response in the orbital tissue, resulting in thyroid eye disease. Sphingolipids, specifically the acid sphingomyelinase/ceramide system and sphingosine 1-phosphate, play an important role in the pathogenesis of thyroid eye disease.
FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Henry B. B. Burch, Petros Perros, Tomasz Bednarczuk, David S. S. Cooper, Peter J. J. Dolman, Angela M. M. Leung, Ilse Mombaerts, Mario Salvi, Marius N. N. Stan
Summary: Thyroid eye disease presents challenges in evaluation and management. Endocrinologists play a crucial role in diagnosing and treating eye manifestations during hyperthyroidism treatment. The consensus statement by the American Thyroid Association and European Thyroid Association aims to facilitate international knowledge exchange.
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Giuseppe Giannaccare, Carla Ghelardini, Alessandra Mancini, Vincenzo Scorcia, Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
Summary: Ocular discomfort and eye pain are common symptoms in patients with dry eye disease (DED), presenting a challenge for ophthalmologists. Recent research suggests that enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins, which are endogenous opioid peptides, may play a role in modulating eye pain sensations. This opens up new possibilities for therapeutic approaches in managing ocular discomfort and eye pain in DED.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Review
Biology
Ramy Rashad, Raquel Pinto, Emily Li, Mahsa Sohrab, Alberto G. Distefano
Summary: Thyroid eye disease is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the orbit. Its pathophysiology is not completely understood and further research is needed. The disease can vary in presentation but typically progresses from mild to severe before entering an inactive phase. Diagnosis and evaluation require careful physical examination, targeted laboratory work up, appropriate imaging studies, and tailored treatment regimens. Special considerations may be needed for certain populations.
Review
Ophthalmology
Harkaran S. S. Rana, Sruti S. S. Akella, Carson E. E. Clabeaux, Zachary P. P. Skurski, Vinay K. K. Aakalu
Summary: In this paper, we review the existing literature and highlight the importance of ocular surface inflammation and changes to the ocular surface environment in thyroid eye disease patients with ocular surface disease.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Raymond S. Douglas, Steven Couch, Sara T. Wester, Brian T. Fowler, Catherine Y. Liu, Prem S. Subramanian, Rosa Tang, Quang T. Nguyen, Robi N. Maamari, Shoaib Ugradar, Kate Hsu, Michael Karon, Marius N. Stan
Summary: The study examines the use of teprotumumab as a treatment for inflammatory thyroid eye disease. The results demonstrate that teprotumumab significantly improves proptosis and has a favorable safety profile.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM
(2023)
Review
Ophthalmology
Amy P. Jain, Pimkwan Jaru-Ampornpan, Raymond S. Douglas
Summary: Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a debilitating and vision threatening disease that significantly impacts patients' quality of life. The management of TED was traditionally long and difficult, involving supportive therapy and extensive surgical treatment, but now teprotumumab offers a safe and early intervention to reverse disease endpoints and improve quality of life.
CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL OPHTHALMOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Andrea Lora Kossler, Raymond Douglas, Chrysoula Dosiou
Summary: Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a sight-threatening autoimmune condition with limited treatment options. However, targeted biologic therapies, such as teprotumumab, have emerged as effective alternatives to traditional steroid regimens. Collaborative efforts between endocrinologists and ophthalmologists in developing personalized treatment plans can enhance safety and outcomes for TED patients.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM
(2022)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Alan Chun Hong Lee, George J. Kahaly
Summary: Thyroid-associated orbitopathy, the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves' disease, is characterized by orbital inflammatory infiltration and activation of orbital fibroblasts, leading to tissue fibrosis. The interaction between T cells, B cells, and orbital fibroblasts plays a role in perpetuating orbital inflammation and tissue remodeling. T helper 17 cells exhibit pro-inflammatory and profibrotic capabilities. The crosstalk between the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor and the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor is a major mechanism in activating orbital fibroblasts. Thyroid stimulating hormone receptor autoantibody serves as a disease-specific biomarker. Oxidative stress, gut microbiome, and epigenetics may also contribute to the pathogenesis and offer potential therapeutic strategies.
BEST PRACTICE & RESEARCH CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM
(2023)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
David Toro-Tobon, Kharisa N. Rachmasari, Elizabeth A. Bradley, Lilly H. Wagner, Andrea A. Tooley, Janalee K. Stokken, Marius N. Stan
Summary: Both teprotumumab and tocilizumab showed improvement in inflammation in patients with steroid-resistant TED, with the need for further evaluation on long-term response and side effects.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Lilly H. H. Wagner, Elizabeth A. A. Bradley, Andrea A. A. Tooley, Yanhan Ren, Kharisa N. N. Rachmasari, Marius N. N. Stan
Summary: There is currently no universally accepted name for inflammatory disease of the eye and orbit associated with thyroid autoimmune disease. Variability in terminology impedes research and collaboration in this area. This study compares the frequency of different terms used in scientific literature and proposes standardized terminology based on data analysis. The results show changing trends in the use of specific terms over time.
FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Anu Sharma, Marius N. Stan, Dan B. Rootman
Summary: Health-related quality of life (HQOL) aims to understand an individual's overall experience of their disease state, including physical, psychosocial, emotional, and psychological effects. Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a multifaceted physically debilitating and facial disfiguring disorder that presents unique challenges and opportunities in measuring HQOL.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM
(2022)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Terry J. Smith, Laszlo Hegedus, Ira Lesser, Petros Perros, Kimberly Dorris, Michele Kinrade, Patti Troy-Ott, Laura Wuerth, Mukund Nori
Summary: Thyroid eye disease (TED) has a negative impact on patients' quality of life, affecting both physical and emotional well-being. Patients face limitations in their activities, decreased confidence, and inability to achieve goals. It is important for healthcare professionals to understand patients' experiences to provide better support and management for the disease.
FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Mary Kelada, Parizad Avari, Soma Farag, Rashmi Akishar, Rajni Jain, Ahmad Aziz, Claire Feeney, Vassiliki Bravis, Karim Meeran, Vickie Lee
Summary: Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a potentially disfiguring and sight-threatening autoimmune orbitopathy affecting up to 400,000 people in the UK. This study found a 13.9% prevalence of non-thyroid/other autoimmune conditions among TED patients, with these patients showing more severe and clinically active TED compared to those without such conditions. Further research is needed to evaluate polyautoimmunity as an early predictor of TED severity.
FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY
(2021)
