Secondary production at the Polar Front, Barents Sea, August 2007

To investigate spatial patterns of secondary production we sampled four core hydrographical regions of the Polar Front in the Barents Sea (Arctic Water, ArW; Polar Front Water, PFW; Atlantic Water, AtW; and Melt Water, MW) by towing an undulating instrument platform along a transect crossing the front from August 8-9, 2007. Sensors mounted on the platform provided data on the hydrography (CTD), fluorescence (Fluorometer, F) and zooplankton abundance in the size range between 0.1 and 30 mm (Laser Optical Plankton Counter, LOPC). These continuous, biophysical data with high-spatial resolution were supplemented by discrete water and zooplankton net samples at stations for sensor calibrations. After in depth quality assessments of the biophysical data, estimates were made of the vital rates based on biovolume spectrum theory. Five size groups were distinguished from the LOPC data: small (S), mainly Oithona spp. and the appendicularian Fritillaria sp.; medium (M), mainly Pseudocalanus app. and Calanus spp. CI-CIII; large (L), mainly Calanus app. CIV-CV; and extra large (XL and 2XL), juvenile and adult euphausids. Size groups were further divided based on transparency of organisms. Vital rates based on the biophysical in situ data in combination with biovolume spectrum theories agreed generally well with data from empirical and numerical models in the literature. ArW was characterised by subsurface maxima of chlorophyll a (chl a), and an estimated population growth of ca. 13 mg C m(-3) d(-1) for CI-CIII Calanus spp. and some older Pseudocalanus within the chl a maxima. Frontal waters were characterised by low chl a concentrations, but high abundances and production (around 1 g C m(-3) d(-1)) of small copepods (Oithona app.) and appendicularians (Fritillaria sp.). The estimated production of small-size zooplankton was an order of magnitude higher than the production of all other size groups combined, including large copepods. The high loss rates (-166 to -271 mg C m(3) d(-1)) of small zooplankton may contribute a substantial amount of carbon to the benthos and to pelagic predators such as young capelin. AtW was the most productive water mass, with surface chl a maxima and an estimated population growth of 134 mg C m(-3) d(-1) for small zooplankton, 3.6 mg C m(-3) d(-1) for medium-sized copepods and 0.9 mg C m(-3) d(-1) for CIV-CVI Calanus. For those Calanus spp. in the surface layer, the estimated specific mortality rates were up to -0.35 d(-1), partly due to high predation pressure by hydrozoans and chaetognaths. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.