Biomarkers and pharmaceutical strategies in steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head: A literature review

The underlying pathology of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is unclear but is known to be multifactorial. It is therefore difficult to find a single predictive biomarker for this disease, and multiple biomarkers are likely to contribute to ONFH progression. Investigation of protein-protein interactions is vital in order to elucidate fully the pathogenesis of this disease, and provide new treatment strategies. This review article discusses the known biomarkers and current treatment strategies for ONFH.