TGF-β is a potent inducer of Nerve Growth Factor in articular cartilage via the ALK5-Smad2/3 pathway. Potential role in OA related pain?

Objective: Pain is the main problem for patients with osteoarthritis (OA). Pain is linked to inflammation, but in OA a subset of patients suffers from pain without inflammation, indicating an alternative source of pain. Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) inhibition is very efficient in blocking pain during OA, but the source of NGF is unclear. We hypothesize that damaged cartilage in OA releases Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-beta), which in turn stimulates chondrocytes to produce NGF. Design: Murine and human chondrocyte cell lines, primary bovine and human chondrocytes, and cartilage explants from bovine metacarpal joints and human OA joints were stimulated with TGF-beta 1 and/or Interleukin-1 (IL-1)beta. We analyzed NGF expression on mRNA level with QPCR and stained human OA cartilage for NGF immunohistochemically. Cultures were additionally pre-incubated with inhibitors for TAK1, Smad2/3 or Smad1/5/8 signaling to identify the TGF-beta pathway inducing NGF. Results: NGF expression was consistently induced in higher levels by TGF-beta than IL-1 in all of our experiments: murine, bovine and human origin, in cell lines, primary chondrocytes and explants cultures. TAK1 inhibition consistently reduced TGF-beta-induced NGF whereas it fully blocked IL-1 beta-induced NGF expression. In contrast, ALK5-Smad2/3 inhibition fully blocked TGF-beta-induced NGF expression. Despite the large variation in basal NGF in human OA samples (mRNA and histology), TGF-beta exposure led to a consistent high level of NGF induction. Conclusion: We show for the first time that TGF-beta induces NGF expression in chondrocytes, in a ALK5-Smad2/3 dependent manner. This reveals a potential alternative non-inflammatory source of pain in OA. (C) 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.