Article
Chemistry, Physical
Xuan Peng, Qibing Jin
Summary: By using advanced techniques of molecular simulations, the chemical equilibrium of methane steam reforming reaction was studied. The highest CH4 conversion, H-2 yield, and selectivity were observed under specific operating conditions. Furthermore, the pore size of activated carbon significantly influenced the chemical equilibrium composition in the pores.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Prathamesh Bodhankar, Shanmukh Patnaik, Ganesh R. Kale
Summary: Autothermal reforming of methane is a widely reported technique for syngas production, the study reveals that specific operational parameters can lead to high conversion efficiency and optimal hydrogen to nitrogen ratio. Thermodynamic analysis identified the best operating parameters for this technology, contributing to efficient hydrogen production.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Feiyang Geng, Vasudev P. Haribal, Jason C. Hicks
Summary: Plasma-assisted steam methane reforming (SMR) is a promising method for low temperature and small-scale hydrogen production. The selectivity of CO and CO2 products can be controlled by adjusting the temperature, power, and water feed rate. A cascade design can further increase the CO2/CO selectivity.
APPLIED CATALYSIS A-GENERAL
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Mokhtar Akhond Babatabar, Majid Saidi
Summary: A comprehensive model was developed to predict and optimize hydrogen production through the integrated configuration of steam gasification and water-gas shift reaction of biomass, using ASPEN plus software and sensitivity analysis techniques. The study revealed that the highest hydrogen concentration was achieved with the highest steam to biomass ratio in the gasifier and WGS reactor, as well as the lowest WGS reaction temperature, while there was an optimum gasification temperature.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Wei-Hsin Chen, Partha Pratim Biswas, Hwai Chyuan Ong, Anh Tuan Hoang, Thanh-Binh Nguyen, Cheng-Di Dong
Summary: The study of hydrogen energy is gaining attention for its effectiveness in achieving net zero and environmental sustainability. Bioethanol is a carbon-neutral fuel for hydrogen production and has potential as a sustainable energy source. This research assesses different routes for ethanol reforming and evaluates the impact of catalyst physicochemistry and experimental parameters on hydrogen production. The findings show that non-noble metals like Co and Ni are more reactive than noble metals in ethanol steam reforming, while the sequence of hydrogen selectivity differs in autothermal reforming of ethanol. The review highlights the importance of sustainable hydrogen production and decarbonization in reaching the net zero target.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Olugbenga Akande, BongJu Lee
Summary: This study investigates a microwave plasma torch-based method called plasma steam methane reforming (PSMR) as a solution to the shortage of hydrogen pipeline infrastructure. The experimental results demonstrate that PSMR has high energy yield, small carbon footprint, and real-time fueling capabilities, making it a promising option for commercial-scale hydrogen production.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Wei-Hsin Chen, Shu-Cheng Li, Steven Lim, Zih-Yu Chen, Joon Ching Juan
Summary: The study showed that lower Reynolds numbers were beneficial for ethanol conversion and H-2 recovery in ethanol steam reforming, while using Pd membrane could increase H-2 yield, and higher Reynolds numbers increased total H-2 production but decreased recovery rate.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Wei-Hsin Chen, Zih-Yu Chen, Sheng-Yen Hsu, Young-Kwon Park, Joon Ching Juan
Summary: A numerical model and algorithm are used to optimize the methanol steam reforming reactor and improve H2 yield by finding the best combination of operating parameters.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Luning Chen, Zhiyuan Qi, Xinxing Peng, Jeng-Lung Chen, Chih-Wen Pao, Xibo Zhang, Chaochao Dun, Melissa Young, David Prendergast, Jeffrey J. Urban, Jinghua Guo, Gabor A. Somorjai, Ji Su
Summary: This study demonstrates how the synergy between noble metal single sites and oxygen vacancies enhances hydrogen generation efficiency and CO2 selectivity in methanol steam reforming reactions. It lays the foundation for the rational design of single site catalysts at the atomic scale and the development of highly efficient and selective hydrogen evolution systems.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Chulmin Kim, Juhan Lee, Sangyong Lee
Summary: In this study, Langmuir-Hinshelwood-based models of the NH3-formation reaction considering H-2 and CO were proposed and compared with a simplified form of the Temkin-Pyzhev model for NH3-formation rate. The kinetic parameters of each model were optimized using experimental and numerical results.
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Ge Kong, Kejie Wang, Xin Zhang, Jing Li, Lujia Han, Xuesong Zhang
Summary: This study proposes a new sustainable and promising route to enhance H-2-enriched syngas production and reduce tar formation by combining biomass torrefaction/carbonization with GSR using gasification biochar.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Bo Chen, Shane Rickard, Zhenghong Bao, Zili Wu, Michelle K. Kidder, Aditya Savara
Summary: In this study, experiments were conducted to investigate the mechanism of hydrogen production in ethanol steam reforming. It was found that hydrogen can be generated by alternating exposure of ethanol and water on the surface of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3-x(1 0 0). Ethanol directly reduces the surface to create oxygen vacancies, while water fills the vacancies to produce hydrogen. These findings suggest that this hydrogen production mechanism plays a crucial role in ethanol steam reforming.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Liya Xu, Kaiming Dong, Feiqiang Guo, Sha Liu, Qixia Qiao, Songbo Mao, Lin Qian, Yonghui Bai
Summary: In this study, three-dimensional porous zeolite-based composite materials were synthesized from coal gasification fine slag (CGFS) using a simple NaOH activation and hydrothermal crystallization method. The obtained zeolite-based catalysts exhibited a unique three-dimensional cage-like porous structure composed mostly of NaAlSiO4 and ZSM-11, with metallic Fe on the surface. The NaOH-CCGX@0.5 catalyst showed excellent catalytic performance in toluene reforming, with a toluene conversion rate of approximately 73% and good stability at 800 degrees C for 210 minutes, leading to a high H2 yield of 3900 mu mol/min. These findings suggest that NaOH-CCGX has great potential as a low-cost catalyst for biomass tar conversion and can be widely used in biomass gasification.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Petch Chunakiat, Nipitpon Panarmasar, Prapan Kuchonthara
Summary: The coprocessing of waste plastics and glycerol can enhance hydrogen production, with polyethylene exhibiting the highest yield. The use of bifunctional NiO-CaO catalysts and a silica fiber (SF) support can optimize the hydrogen production process.
INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Sungyup Jung, Jechan Lee, Deok Hyun Moon, Ki-Hyun Kim, Eilhann E. Kwon
Summary: The review discusses the development of biogas dry reforming, focusing on the effects of biogas composition, reaction conditions, and impurities. Theoretical estimations and thermodynamic calculations demonstrate dry reforming as an effective option for biogas valorization. Challenges and potential future directions are highlighted to pave the way for hybrid biological/chemical processes for hydrogen production.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2021)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Runping Ye, Yuan-Yuan Huang, Chong-Chong Chen, Yuan-Gen Yao, Maohong Fan, Zhangfeng Zhou
Summary: This article reviews various approaches to synthesize ethylene glycol (EG) from CO2 and its derivatives under mild conditions, including thermocatalysis, photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis. The coal-to-ethylene glycol technology, a mature thermal catalytic method, still faces challenges in industrialization. The recent progress in the development of coal-to-ethylene glycol technology is discussed, with a focus on achieving EG synthesis under mild conditions through strategies such as doping promoters, support modification, and catalyst design. The emerging technological progress of photocatalytic and electrocatalytic EG synthesis under ambient conditions is also introduced, highlighting the need to address issues for large-scale production. Future development issues and prospects for ambient EG synthesis using different catalytic routes are proposed.
CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Lulu Ping, Yuan Zhang, Baojun Wang, Maohong Fan, Lixia Ling, Riguang Zhang
Summary: Based on the advantages of ethane oxidative dehydrogenation and the challenge of low ethylene selectivity, chemical looping oxidative dehydrogenation (CL-ODH) over the IrO2 catalyst was studied. The study revealed that both S-IrO2 and R-IrO2 states exist for the IrO2 catalyst in the dehydrogenation and regeneration processes, and the optimal reaction conditions were determined. This research expands the understanding of ethane CL-ODH over metal oxide catalysts and provides valuable information for process optimization and catalyst development.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Yuan Zhang, Baojun Wang, Maohong Fan, Lixia Ling, Riguang Zhang
Summary: In this study, a strategy to improve the catalytic performance of Pt-Sn alloy catalysts in ethane dehydrogenation (EDH) is proposed by engineering the shell surface structure and thickness. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulations are used to understand the influences of catalyst surface structure, temperature, and reactant partial pressures. The results demonstrate that Pt@Pt3Sn catalysts generally have higher C2H4(g) activity and lower selectivity compared to Pt3Sn@Pt catalysts, due to their unique surface geometrical and electronic properties.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Lulu Chai, Jinlu Song, Yanzhi Sun, Xiaoguang Liu, Xifei Li, Maohong Fan, Junqing Pan, Xueliang Sun
Summary: This study proposes a smart dual-oxygen electrode for high-specific-energy batteries, which addresses the issues of energy efficiency decay, wide charge-discharge gap, and catalyst peeling. The electrode consists of a switch control module, OER and ORR catalysis layers, and an ion conductive | electronic insulating membrane. The electrode shows an ultralow energy efficiency decay rate and enables a high energy efficiency in zinc-air batteries.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Wantong Zhao, Xuebai Lan, Baojun Wang, Maohong Fan, Riguang Zhang
Summary: In this study, the inverse Mo6C4/Cu catalyst is modeled and predicted to promote C2 oxygenates formation in syngas transformation. The results show that the inverse Mo6C4/Cu catalyst greatly improves catalytic performance and facilitates C2 oxygenate production compared to previous catalysts. This is attributed to the synergistic effect between Mo6C4 cluster with Cu catalyst, which easily activates CO to produce CH2 monomer and facilitates CO insertion into CH2 to CH2CO.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Kunpeng Li, Hui Hu, Maohong Fan, Mi Zhang, Zhongming Chen, Ruibin Lv, Hao Huang
Summary: An advanced oxidation process (AOPs) using Fe(II) activated peracetic acid (PAA) was investigated for the simultaneous removal of SO2 and NO from flue gas. The maximum removal efficiencies obtained were 92.3% for NO and 99.5% for SO2 under optimal conditions. Reactive oxidizing species and organic radicals were generated in the Fe(II)/PAA system, with organic radicals confirmed to be the major factors affecting NO oxidation. The main products of SO2 and NO removal were identified as SO42- and NO3-.
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Tongtong Wang, Zhe Chen, Weibo Gong, Fei Xu, Xin Song, Xin He, Maohong Fan
Summary: Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) have diverse applications in sensor manufacturing, electrochemical catalysis, and energy storage. Electrospinning is a powerful commercial large-scale production technique for CNFs due to its simplicity and efficiency. This paper discusses the working theory of manufacturing electrospun CNFs, current efforts in upgrading CNF properties, and the corresponding applications. Future development of CNFs is also discussed.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yueyue Wu, Xinyi Guo, Xiufeng Shi, Baojun Wang, Maohong Fan, Riguang Zhang
Summary: This study investigates the catalytic performance of a series of S-modified PdM IMCs with different M types (Cu, Ag and Au) and ratios (1: 1, 3: 1 and 1: 3) in C2H2 semi-hydrogenation using DFT calculations and microkinetic modeling. The results show that the catalytic performance strongly depends on the space region of metal active site and the electronic properties induced by S atoms and the M type and ratio. Only S/Pd1Ag1 and S/Pd1Au1 exhibit higher H2 dissociation activity, C2H4 selectivity and production activity, and can effectively inhibit the formation of green oil.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Weixiang Zhang, Lina Zhang, Sijia Pei, Jiarui Wang, Dawei Liu, Xiaoxun Ma, Maohong Fan, Long Xu
Summary: One of the most significant topics in chemical looping reforming technology is the design and preparation of appropriate oxygen carriers with high reactivity and excellent stability. This study focuses on the chemical looping reforming of methane using cobalt-doped Ce-based oxygen carriers synthesized via the solution combustion method with the assistance of coconut shell. The introduction of cobalt decreases the crystallite size, increases oxygen vacancy concentration and lattice oxygen mobility, and the addition of coconut shell further enhances these positive changes and the interaction between Ce and Co.
Editorial Material
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jie Ding, Runping Ye, Yanghe Fu, Yiming He, Ye Wu, Yulong Zhang, Qin Zhong, Harold H. Kung, Maohong Fan
Summary: Urea, a crucial nitrogen fertilizer, plays a vital role in meeting global food demand. However, its current production method is energy-intensive and environmentally unfriendly. In this commentary article, the authors propose strategies to address and overcome these challenges.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Zhao Sun, Shufan Yu, Sam Toan, Rufat Abiev, Maohong Fan, Zhiqiang Sun
Summary: In this study, CuCr2O4-based catalytic oxygen carriers were designed for low-temperature methanol reforming. The activation of methanol at relatively low temperatures was achieved through the reinforcement of the Cu-O-Cr structure and the induction of highly reactive lattice oxygen. The hydrogen production rate was significantly increased by 53.2% with the application of CuCr2O4-based catalytic oxygen carriers. Furthermore, the Cu-O-Cr structure demonstrated satisfactory cyclic stability.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Chengda Li, Yueli Wen, Bin Wang, Maohong Fan, Wenlong Liu, Zheng Cui, Wei Huang
Summary: Activation and desorption of hydrogen in toluene methyl is the rate-limiting step for side-chain alkylation of toluene with methanol. In this study, two dehydrogenation strategies were employed to enhance catalytic performance by introducing Cu as a dehydrogenation component in PAl-NaX catalyst and adjusting the acid-base properties through varying NaOH loading. The relationship between the percentage of acid-base sites, low valence Cu species, and catalytic performance was investigated using various characterization techniques and ternary regression analysis. The results showed that Cu, especially low valence Cu species, promoted the selectivity of side-chain alkylation products to some extent, but base sites played a more critical role in enhancing selectivity.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Lulu Ping, Yuan Zhang, Baojun Wang, Maohong Fan, Lixia Ling, Riguang Zhang
Summary: Based on favorable thermodynamics and coking resistance, chemical looping oxidative dehydrogenation (CL-ODH) of ethane over IrO2 catalyst was studied. Two extreme states of the IrO2 surface structure, S-IrO2 and R-IrO2, were considered. It was found that the mechanisms of ethane dehydrogenation over S-IrO2 and R-IrO2 catalysts were different. The present study contributes to the understanding of ethane CL-ODH over metal oxide catalysts and provides valuable insights for process optimization and catalyst development.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Runping Ye, Lixuan Ma, Xiaoling Hong, Tomas Ramirez Reina, Wenhao Luo, Liqun Kang, Gang Feng, Rongbin Zhang, Maohong Fan, Riguang Zhang, Jian Liu
Summary: This study presents a strategy to enhance the low-temperature CO2 activation through regulating the local electron density of active sites. An optimized Ni/ZrO2 catalyst exhibits excellent performance for CO2 methanation, with high CO2 conversion, CH4 selectivity, and stability, making it one of the best Ni-based catalysts for CO2 methanation to date.
ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Xuebai Lan, Mifeng Xue, Baojun Wang, Maohong Fan, Riguang Zhang
Summary: This study investigates the performance of diatomic metal catalysts in the semi-hydrogenation of C2H2 by constructing different types of DACs and tuning their coordination environments. The results show that CoCu@N6V4-11, CoPd@N6V4-11, CoNi@N6V4-11, and CoPt@N6V4-11 DACs exhibit superior C2H4 selectivity, formation activity, and stability. Introducing a second metal can significantly improve C2H4 selectivity while maintaining high C2H4 formation activity.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Shitong Fang, Houfan Du, Tao Yan, Keyu Chen, Zhiyuan Li, Xiaoqing Ma, Zhihui Lai, Shengxi Zhou
Summary: This paper proposes a new type of nonlinear VIV energy harvester (ANVEH) that compensates for the decrease in peak energy output at low wind speeds by introducing an auxiliary structure. Theoretical and experimental results show that ANVEH performs better than traditional nonlinear VIV energy harvesters under various system parameter variations.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Wei Jiang, Shuo Zhang, Teng Wang, Yufei Zhang, Aimin Sha, Jingjing Xiao, Dongdong Yuan
Summary: A standardized method was developed to evaluate the availability of solar energy resources in road areas, which combined the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Geographic Information System (GIS). By analyzing critical factors and using a multi-indicator evaluation method, the method accurately evaluated the utilization of solar energy resources and guided the optimal location selection for road photovoltaic (PV) projects. The results provided guidance for the application of road PV projects and site selection for route corridors worldwide, promoting the integration of transportation and energy.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Chang Liu, Jacob A. Wrubel, Elliot Padgett, Guido Bender
Summary: The study investigates the effects of coating defects on the performance of the anode porous transport layer (PTL) in water electrolyzers. The results show that an increasing fraction of uncoated regions on the PTL leads to decreased cell performance, with continuous uncoated regions having a more severe impact compared to multiple thin uncoated strips.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Marcos Tostado-Veliz, Xiaolong Jin, Rohit Bhakar, Francisco Jurado
Summary: In this paper, a coordinated charging price mechanism for clusters of parking lots is proposed. The research shows that enabling vehicle-to-grid characteristics can bring significant economic benefits for users and the cluster coordinator, and vehicle-to-grid impacts noticeably on the risk-averse character of the uncertainty-aware strategies. The developed pricing mechanism can reduce the cost for users, avoiding to directly translate the energy cost to charging points.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Duan Kang
Summary: Building an energy superpower is a key strategy for China and a long-term goal for other countries. This study proposes an evaluation system and index for measuring energy superpower, and finds that China has significantly improved its ranking over the past 21 years, surpassing other countries.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Fucheng Deng, Yifei Wang, Xiaosen Li, Gang Li, Yi Wang, Bin Huang
Summary: This study investigated the synergistic blockage mechanism of sand and hydrate in gravel filling layer and the evolution of permeability in the layer. Experimental models and modified permeability models were established to analyze the effects of sand particles and hydrate formation on permeability. The study provided valuable insights for the safe and efficient exploitation of hydrate reservoirs.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Hao Wang, Xiwen Chen, Natan Vital, Edward Duffy, Abolfazl Razi
Summary: This study proposes a HVAC energy optimization model based on deep reinforcement learning algorithm. It achieves 37% energy savings and ensures thermal comfort for open office buildings. The model has a low complexity, uses a few controllable factors, and has a short training time with good generalizability.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Moyue Cong, Yongzhuo Gao, Weidong Wang, Long He, Xiwang Mao, Yi Long, Wei Dong
Summary: This study introduces a multi-strategy ultra-wideband energy harvesting device that achieves high power output without the need for external power input. By utilizing asymmetry, stagger array, magnetic coupling, and nonlinearity strategies, the device maintains a stable output voltage and high power density output at non-resonant frequencies. Temperature and humidity monitoring are performed using Bluetooth sensors to adaptively assess the device.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Tianshu Dong, Xiudong Duan, Yuanyuan Huang, Danji Huang, Yingdong Luo, Ziyu Liu, Xiaomeng Ai, Jiakun Fang, Chaolong Song
Summary: Electrochemical water splitting is crucial for hydrogen production, and improving the hydrogen separation rate from the electrode is essential for enhancing water electrolyzer performance. However, issues such as air bubble adhesion to the electrode plate hinder the process. Therefore, a methodology to investigate the two-phase flow within the electrolyzer is in high demand. This study proposes using a microfluidic system as a simulator for the electrolyzer and optimizing the two-phase flow by manipulating the micro-structure of the flow.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Shuo Han, Yifan Yuan, Mengjiao He, Ziwen Zhao, Beibei Xu, Diyi Chen, Jakub Jurasz
Summary: Giving full play to the flexibility of hydropower and integrating more variable renewable energy is of great significance for accelerating the transformation of China's power energy system. This study proposes a novel day-ahead scheduling model that considers the flexibility limited by irregular vibration zones (VZs) and the probability of flexibility shortage in a hydropower-variable renewable energy hybrid generation system. The model is applied to a real hydropower station and effectively improves the flexibility supply capacity of hydropower, especially during heavy load demand in flood season.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Zhen Wang, Kangqi Fan, Shizhong Zhao, Shuxin Wu, Xuan Zhang, Kangjia Zhai, Zhiqi Li, Hua He
Summary: This study developed a high-performance rotary energy harvester (AI-REH) inspired by archery, which efficiently accumulates and releases ultralow-frequency vibration energy. By utilizing a magnetic coupling strategy and an accumulator spring, the AI-REH achieves significantly accelerated rotor speeds and enhanced electric outputs.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yi Yang, Qianyi Xing, Kang Wang, Caihong Li, Jianzhou Wang, Xiaojia Huang
Summary: In this study, a novel hybrid Quantile Regression (QR) model is proposed for Probabilistic Load Forecasting (PLF). The model integrates causal dilated convolution, residual connection, and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) for multi-scale feature extraction. In addition, a Combined Probabilistic Load Forecasting System (CPLFS) is proposed to overcome the inherent flaws of relying on a single model. Simulation results show that the hybrid QR outperforms traditional models and CPLFS exceeds the best benchmarks in terms of prediction accuracy and stability.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Wen-Jiang Zou, Young-Bae Kim, Seunghun Jung
Summary: This paper proposes a dynamic prediction model for capacity fade in vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). The model accurately predicts changes in electrolyte volume and capacity fade, enhancing the competitiveness of VRFBs in energy storage applications.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yuechao Ma, Shengtie Wang, Guangchen Liu, Guizhen Tian, Jianwei Zhang, Ruiming Liu
Summary: This paper focuses on the balance of state of charge (SOC) among multiple battery energy storage units (MBESUs) and bus voltage balance in an islanded bipolar DC microgrid. A SOC automatic balancing strategy is proposed considering the energy flow relationship and utilizing the adaptive virtual resistance algorithm. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in achieving SOC balancing and decreasing bus voltage unbalance.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Raad Z. Homod, Basil Sh. Munahi, Hayder Ibrahim Mohammed, Musatafa Abbas Abbood Albadr, Aissa Abderrahmane, Jasim M. Mahdi, Mohamed Bechir Ben Hamida, Bilal Naji Alhasnawi, A. S. Albahri, Hussein Togun, Umar F. Alqsair, Zaher Mundher Yaseen
Summary: In this study, the control problem of the multiple-boiler system (MBS) is formulated as a dynamic Markov decision process and a deep clustering reinforcement learning approach is applied to obtain the optimal control policy. The proposed strategy, based on bang-bang action, shows superior response and achieves more than 32% energy saving compared to conventional fixed parameter controllers under dynamic indoor/outdoor actual conditions.