Article
Engineering, Aerospace
S. Veretenenko
Summary: A series of strong Solar Proton Events (SPEs) in January 2005 significantly impacted the middle atmosphere circulation in the Northern hemisphere, leading to noticeable increases in western wind velocity in the 60-80 degree N latitude belt and intensification of the stratospheric polar vortex. These effects were attributed to ionization changes associated with powerful SPEs and auroral phenomena, potentially influencing the state of the stratospheric polar vortex on a day-to-day time scale.
ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Wen Wang, Linghua Wang, Sam Krucker, Glenn M. Mason, Yang Su, Radoslav Bucik
Summary: The study of 16 solar energetic electron events and associated western hard X-ray flares suggests that the energetic electron source is likely high in the corona, while the observed hard X-rays are produced mainly by bremsstrahlung processes at the bottom of the corona.
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Brian E. Wood, Phillip Hess, Jacob Lustig-Yaeger, Brendan Gallagher, Daniel Korwan, Nathan Rich, Guillermo Stenborg, Arnaud Thernisien, Syed N. Qadri, Freddie Santiago, Javier Peralta, Giada N. Arney, Noam R. Izenberg, Angelos Vourlidas, Mark G. Linton, Russell A. Howard, Nour E. Raouafi
Summary: Images of Venus taken by the Wide-Field Imager for Parker Solar Probe (WISPR) telescope on the Parker Solar Probe spacecraft reveal thermal emission from the planet's surface, providing the shortest wavelength observations of this emission ever recorded. These observations represent the first detection of the Venusian surface by an optical telescope below 0.8 μm. The images also show bright nightglow emission and are consistent with previous spectroscopic measurements.
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2022)
Editorial Material
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Ilya G. Usoskin, Gennady A. Kovaltsov
Summary: Historical records show the existence of extreme solar particle events in the past, significantly stronger than those observed currently, and scientists are uncertain whether these events are produced by the Sun normally or from an unknown phenomenon. Recent studies have started to bridge the observational gap by discovering weaker yet extreme events, potentially representing the tail of the continuous distribution of solar eruptive events, leading to a better understanding of the processes producing such events.
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Anamaria Navarro, F. D. Lora-Clavijo, K. Murawski, Stefaan Poedts
Summary: This study uses numerical simulations to investigate the effects of non-isotropic thermal conduction on the generation of solar chromospheric jets. The results show that with thermal conduction, the triggered jets have larger energy and mass fluxes, more collimated shapes, and penetrate deeper into the solar corona. Additionally, low magnetic fields result in more energetic jets, while larger magnetic fields decrease the enhancement of mass and energy due to thermal conductivity inclusion.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
K. Nilsen, A. Kero, P. T. Verronen, N. Kalakoski, J. Jia
Summary: The study validates the ion chemistry of WACCM-D by analyzing the middle atmospheric ozone response to EPP forcing, showing good agreement between satellites and the model for nighttime conditions and larger SPEs during daytime conditions. However, WACCM-D tends to underestimate the sensitivity for minor and moderate SPEs during daytime.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Ruilong Han, Minghui Cai, Tao Yang, Liangliang Xu, Qing Xia, Xinyu Jia, Dawei Gao, Jianwei Han
Summary: Free-falling cubic test masses are important for low-frequency gravitational wave detection in space, but they can be charged by energetic particles in the environment, affecting the sensitivity of detection. This study used high-energy proton data from the GOES program to analyze charging of test masses during Solar Proton Events (SPEs) in the 24th solar cycle. Simulations were performed to evaluate the charging process for different proton flux ranges, and it was found that SPEs charging can reach the threshold within a certain time frame. The energy spectrum structure of SPEs was identified as the most important factor influencing the charging rate.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
J. Tacza, A. Odzimek, E. Tueros Cuadros, J. -P. Raulin, M. Kubicki, G. Fernandez, A. Marun
Summary: In this paper, the authors investigate the deviations in the potential gradient during solar proton events and Forbush decreases. They find a significant increase in the potential gradient after intense solar proton events at the CASLEO station, but no such deviation at the SWIDER station. For Forbush decrease events, no significant deviation in the potential gradient is found at both stations, except for very intense Forbush decreases at the CASLEO station where an increase in the potential gradient is observed.
SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Thomas Reddmann, Miriam Sinnhuber, Jan Maik Wissing, Olesya Yakovchuk, Ilya Usoskin
Summary: A possible impact of an extreme solar particle event (ESPE) on the middle atmosphere has been studied, considering present-day climate and geomagnetic conditions. The study reveals that the impact of ESPE on the atmosphere is greater compared to an extreme geomagnetic storm (GMS). This research is important in revealing the potential hazards of solar particle events on the atmosphere.
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Hiroko Miyahara, Fuyuki Tokanai, Toru Moriya, Mirei Takeyama, Hirohisa Sakurai, Motonari Ohyama, Kazuho Horiuchi, Hideyuki Hotta
Summary: High-precision carbon-14 analyses have revealed the occurrence of large solar proton events (SPEs) in 1261-1262, 1268-1269, and 1279-1280 CE prior to the Wolf minimum. These events are presumed to have taken place during the maximum and declining phase of solar cycles, as well as during the transition into a deep minimum of solar activity. This study offers a unique opportunity to understand the potential interaction between solar dynamo and extreme solar flares.
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Jayant Joshi, Luc H. M. Rouppe van der Voort
Summary: By analyzing new H-beta observations, we found that quiet-Sun Ellerman bombs (QSEBs) are quite common and can be found throughout the quiet Sun, except in regions with weak magnetic fields of mesogranular size. QSEBs are often located near the magnetic network and tend to be larger, have longer lifetimes, and higher brightness.
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Aerospace
F. S. Bessarab, T. Sukhodolov, M. Klimenko, V. V. Klimenko, Yu N. Korenkov, B. Funke, I. E. Zakharenkova, J. M. Wissing, E. Rozanov
Summary: Our analysis focused on the response of the ionosphere and thermosphere to Solar Proton Events (SPE) and magnetospheric proton precipitation in January 2005. We found that changes in the ionospheric F2 layer were caused by a change in the neutral composition of the thermosphere, leading to increased TEC and electron density in the F region and topside ionosphere/plasmasphere at low- and mid-latitudes. The results demonstrate the important role of magnetospheric protons in the formation of negative F-region ionospheric storms.
ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Aerospace
M. V. Klimenko, V. V. Klimenko, T. V. Sukhodolov, F. S. Bessarab, K. G. Ratovsky, E. V. Rozanov
Summary: The study investigates the role of internal atmospheric variability in detecting the ionospheric response to solar and magnetospheric precipitating protons during 17-23 January 2005. Ensemble runs of the EAGLE model were analyzed, showing that proton precipitation significantly enhances the Total Electron Content (TEC) at different latitudes. However, internal atmospheric variability can mask the forced signal and require the use of ensemble models for reliable interpretation of observational data.
ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
L. Xiang, K. H. Lee, D. J. Wu, H. W. Yu, L. C. Lee
Summary: This paper systematically investigates the effects of proton temperature anisotropy on the growth rates of proton-beam instabilities and their nonlinear evolution at different propagation angles. The results indicate that the type and evolution speed of instabilities greatly depend on the value of T-i perpendicular to/T-i parallel to.
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Xuguang Cai, Wenbin Wang, Alan Burns, Liying Qian, Richard W. Eastes
Summary: This study uses numerical simulations to investigate the effects of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) on the middle thermosphere composition during a geomagnetically quiet period. The results show that the IMF can trigger depletion of the thermospheric O/N-2 column density ratio (Sigma O/N-2) in the polar region, which is then transported to mid-latitudes by meridional winds.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
H. Nesse Tyssoy, M. Sinnhuber, T. Asikainen, S. Bender, M. A. Clilverd, B. Funke, M. van de Kamp, J. M. Pettit, C. E. Randall, T. Reddmann, C. J. Rodger, E. Rozanov, C. Smith-Johnsen, T. Sukhodolov, P. T. Verronen, J. M. Wissing, O. Yakovchuk
Summary: Precipitating auroral and radiation belt electrons are considered an important part of the natural forcing of the climate system. Recent studies suggest that this forcing is underestimated in current chemistry-climate models.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
M. Sinnhuber, H. Nesse Tyssoy, T. Asikainen, S. Bender, B. Funke, K. Hendrickx, J. M. Pettit, T. Reddmann, E. Rozanov, H. Schmidt, C. Smith-Johnsen, T. Sukhodolov, M. E. Szelag, M. van de Kamp, P. T. Verronen, J. M. Wissing, O. S. Yakovchuk
Summary: This study investigates the impact of precipitating auroral and radiation belt electrons on the middle atmosphere and its potential influence on the climate system. The results highlight that the current chemistry-climate models underestimate the forcing caused by these electrons. By comparing model simulations with observations, the study reveals that the representation of electron ionization is generally good above 80 km. However, discrepancies between models and observations are observed in the mesosphere, indicating the need for further evaluation of the models' validity in this region.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Anna P. Tarr, Inga J. Smith, Craig J. Rodger
Summary: International aviation contributes over 2% of global emissions, but has not been regulated by the Kyoto Protocol or directly addressed by the Paris Agreement. This study calculates New Zealand's specific emissions factors using commercially sensitive fuel uplift, finding that the fleet of planes serving New Zealand became less efficient on average over the years due to operational factors such as seating density.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Neil R. Thomson, Mark A. Clilverd, Craig J. Rodger
Summary: By comparing rocket-based electron density measurements and VLF measurements, it is found that the FIRI-2018 model provides a significant improvement on the earlier IRI-2016 model in describing the D region of the ionosphere.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
M. Ingham, T. Divett, C. J. Rodger, M. Sigley
Summary: Geomagnetic storms can disrupt the cathodic protection systems of gas pipelines, which are used to prevent corrosion. In this study, monitoring data from gas pipeline sites in New Zealand were analyzed to assess the effects of geomagnetic storms on the cathodic protection system. Significant variations in the output voltage of rectifiers and potential between different components of the system were observed during geomagnetic storms, suggesting potential risks to the pipeline system at certain sites. The study also highlights the risks of disbonding and hydrogen induced cracking, which have not been widely recognized in the research community.
SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
D. H. Mac Manus, C. J. Rodger, M. Dalzell, A. Renton, G. S. Richardson, T. Petersen, M. A. Clilverd
Summary: This study uses measured magnetic field waveforms during geomagnetic storms to model extreme storm scenarios and predict potential damages to power networks. By working with industry partners, the risk of damaging levels of DC current to transformers is determined. It is found that transformers at risk are located throughout all regions of New Zealand, and a worst-case scenario can result in peak mean absolute GIC of 920-2,210 A over a 60-min window.
SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Monika E. Szelag, Daniel R. Marsh, Pekka T. Verronen, Annika Seppala, Niilo Kalakoski
Summary: This study examines the impact of solar energetic particle precipitation (EPP) on the polar stratosphere using a chemistry-climate model. The findings suggest that the current EPP forcing used in climate simulations underestimates its effects on ozone and temperature. The study highlights the need for an improved representation of decadal EPP forcing in climate simulations.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Craig J. Rodger, Mark A. Clilverd, Aaron T. Hendry, Colin Forsyth
Summary: Substorms are significant but short-lived reconfigurations of the geomagnetic field that inject energetic particles into the inner magnetosphere. This study investigates the dependence of substorm-driven energetic electron precipitation (EEP) on the magnetic local time (MLT), auroral electrojet index (AE), and L-shell. The analysis of low Earth orbit satellite observations shows that enhanced EEP occurs even for low AE ranges, with distinct MLT variations in EEP magnitude. Substorm clusters reliably produce enhancements in electron precipitation, with increasing magnitudes and inward movement of the peak precipitation with increasing AE.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS
(2022)
Review
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Theodoros Sarris, Minna Palmroth, Anita Aikio, Stephan Christoph Buchert, James Clemmons, Mark Clilverd, Iannis Dandouras, Eelco Doornbos, Lindsay Victoria Goodwin, Maxime Grandin, Roderick Heelis, Nickolay Ivchenko, Therese Moretto-Jorgensen, Guram Kervalishvili, David Knudsen, Han-Li Liu, Gang Lu, David M. Malaspina, Octav Marghitu, Astrid Maute, Wojciech J. Miloch, Nils Olsen, Robert Pfaff, Claudia Stolle, Elsayed Talaat, Jeffrey Thayer, Stelios Tourgaidis, Pekka T. Verronen, Masatoshi Yamauchi
Summary: The lower thermosphere-ionosphere (LTI) is a critical transition region between Earth's atmosphere and space. However, its complex interactions between neutral and charged constituents remain poorly characterized due to the lack of in situ measurements. The quantification of key processes in the 100-200 km altitude range is essential for improving atmospheric models and space weather prediction capabilities.
FRONTIERS IN ASTRONOMY AND SPACE SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Keeta Chapman-Smith, Annika Seppala, Craig J. Rodger, Aaron Hendy, Colin Forsyth
Summary: Several drivers cause precipitation of energetic electrons into the atmosphere, some of which are accounted for in proxies of energetic electron precipitation (EEP). However, it is unclear if the proxies capture substorm-induced EEP. This study provides the first observational evidence of ozone loss following substorms, with up to 21% reduction in polar mesospheric ozone.
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
D. H. Mac Manus, C. J. Rodger, A. Renton, J. Ronald, D. Harper, C. Taylor, M. Dalzell, T. Divett, M. A. Clilverd
Summary: This study investigates multiple mitigation strategies to reduce the impact of Geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) on New Zealand's transmission network during extreme storm scenarios. The targeted line disconnection strategy developed in collaboration with Transpower New Zealand Ltd proved to be more effective than previous strategies, reducing GIC magnitudes and durations while maintaining continuous power supply. The study also suggests the installation of capacitor blocking devices to further reduce GIC risk.
SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
M. Ingham, K. Pratscher, W. Heise, E. Bertrand, M. Kruglyakov, C. J. Rodger
Summary: This study uses long-period magnetotelluric measurements to assess the risk posed by geomagnetically induced currents to the electrical transmission network in southern South Island, New Zealand. The results show that geological and tectonic structures have significant impacts on the magnitude and orientation of the induced electric fields and the resulting GIC.
SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Carsten Baumann, Antti Kero, Shikha Raizada, Markus Rapp, Michael P. Sulzer, Pekka T. Verronen, Juha Vierinen
Summary: This study reports electron density measurements from the Arecibo incoherent-scatter radar during sunset and sunrise conditions. An asymmetry of the electron density is observed, with higher density during sunset. Comparison with models suggests that the recombination rate is slower than the ionization rate during sunset, resulting in excess electron density. The influence of meteoric smoke particles on the D region still needs further investigation.
ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Ville Maliniemi, Pavle Arsenovic, Annika Seppala, Hilde Nesse Tyssoy
Summary: The combination of CFC emissions and EPP-produced NOx has greatly contributed to the depletion of stratospheric ozone, and the interaction between EPP-NOx and chlorine has played a significant modulating role in the Antarctic stratosphere.
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
David A. Newnham, Mark A. Clilverd, William D. J. Clark, Michael Kosch, Pekka T. Verronen, Alan E. E. Rogers
Summary: The ground-based observations of atmospheric ozone (O-3) using the NAOMI instrument in the Arctic region were compared with the observations from the SABER satellite instrument. The results showed good agreement between the two instruments, although higher O-3 values were observed by SABER during autumn twilight conditions.
ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
(2022)