Horizontal structures and dynamics of Titan's thermosphere

The Cassini Ion Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) measures densities of gases including N-2 and CH4 in situ in Titan's upper atmosphere. We have used data from 13 targeted flybys of Titan (T5-T32) to construct an empirical model that describes the mean state of the thermosphere in the northern hemisphere, giving the N-2 and CH4 densities between 1000 and 1600 km as a function of latitude and height. The principal features in the INMS data are well reproduced by this simple model. We find a pronounced oblateness in the thermosphere, with densities above 1100 km altitude increasing by around 70% from the northern (winter) pole to the equator, resulting in isobaric surfaces being similar or equal to 45 km higher over the equator than at the northern pole. Thermospheric temperatures derived from the densities tend to decrease with height from 149 +/- 10 K to 140 +/- 13 K near 1600 km. Considerable latitude differences are present in the temperatures below 1200 km. Near 1000 km altitude, temperatures reach 164 +/- 6 K at 20 degrees N and 131 +/- 6 K near 80 degrees N. Using our Thermosphere General Circulation Model with this thermal structure imposed, we derive thermospheric horizontal wind speeds reaching similar to 150 m s(-1), with primarily poleward flow at equatorial latitudes which, northward of around 60 degrees N, is accompanied by a band of prograde zonal winds of up to 50 m s(-1). At high latitudes, converging horizontal winds generate regions of strong subsistence. We find thermospheric dynamics to be sensitive to coupling from below. CH4 abundances are enhanced in the northern polar region, which may result from transport by thermospheric winds.