4.1 Article

Optimizing survey effort for burrow-nesting seabirds

期刊

JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY
卷 84, 期 1, 页码 69-85

出版社

WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/jofo.12007

关键词

Ardenna tenuirostris; Eudyptula minor; Little Penguin; optimal census techniques; Short-tailed Shearwater; southeastern Australia

资金

  1. ANZ Holsworth Research Endowment
  2. Parks Victoria

向作者/读者索取更多资源

Regular monitoring of seabird populations is necessary to improve our understanding of their responses to environmental change and inform conservation management. However, given the difficulty in accessing remote breeding sites and the limited resources typically available to land managers, conducting regular, extensive surveys of seabird populations is often not feasible. Our objective was to determine the minimum survey effort required to obtain accurate and precise population estimates of Short-tailed Shearwaters (Ardenna tenuirostris) and Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor), two abundant burrowing seabird species in southeastern Australia, by comparing bootstrapped means and confidence intervals under different sampling regimes on four islands. We found that, in many cases, survey effort (the proportion of transects and quadrats along transects surveyed) could be reduced. For Short-tailed Shearwaters, reducing the number of transects resulted in a maximum difference of 15% between the means at full survey effort and two levels of reduced survey effort. Means differed by <3% when we halved the number of quadrats. For Little Penguins, reducing the number of transects and quadrats by 50% resulted in differences of 740% and 434%, respectively, between the full and reduced survey effort means. Confidence intervals generally increased with decreasing survey effort for both species. Differences in required survey effort between the two species in our study may have been due to differences in burrow distribution on islands, with Short-tailed Shearwater burrows generally uniformly distributed on each island and Little Penguin burrows typically occurring in patches. These would be influenced by island-specific characteristics in concert with habitat preferences, population size, and seasonal variation in seabird abundance. Stratified sampling did not increase survey accuracy and simulations showed that large reductions in survey effort could be made under a pseudo-random sampling regime, with mean abundance estimates similar at most levels of survey effort. For both species, reducing the proportion of pseudo-random quadrats to 50% and 25% of the full survey effort produced confidence intervals of 12% and 21%, respectively, of the maximum, whereas a survey effort of 10% produced confidence intervals of up to 36% of the maximum for both species. A pseudo-random sampling regime would maximize survey efficiency because considerably fewer quadrats would be required and allow development of more efficient sampling protocols and regimes. RESUMEN El monitoreo regular de las poblaciones de aves marinas es necesario para mejorar nuestra comprension de sus respuestas a los cambios ambientales y proveer informacion para la gestion de la conservacion. Sin embargo, dada la dificultad para acceder a sitios remotos de cria y los limitados recursos normalmente disponibles para los administradores de tierras, realizar muestreos regulares y extensas de las poblaciones de aves marinas a menudo no es factible. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar el esfuerzo de muestreo minimo necesario para obtener estimaciones poblacionales exactas y precisas de Ardenna tenuirostris y Eudyptula minor, dos especies de aves marinas abundantes que se caracterizan por excavar sus nidos en el sudeste de Australia. Comparamos las medias e intervalos de confianza (convertidos por bootstrap), bajo regimenes diferentes de muestreo en cuatro islas. Encontramos que, en muchos casos, el esfuerzo del muestreo (la proporcion de transectas y cuadrantes a lo largo de transectas muestreadas) podria reducirse. Para A. tenuirostris, una reduccion en el numero de transectas resulto en una diferencia maxima del 15% entre los medios de esfuerzo de muestreo completo y dos niveles de esfuerzo de muestreo reducido. Los medios difirieron por <3% cuando reducimos a la mitad el numero de cuadrantes. Para E. minor, una reduccion en el numero de transectas y cuadrantes por 50% resulto en diferencias de 740% y 434%, respectivamente, entre los medios de esfuerzo de muestreo completo y reducido. Los intervalos de confianza generalmente aumentaron con la disminucion del esfuerzo de muestreo, para ambas especies. Las diferencias en el esfuerzo de muestreo requerido para las dos especies en nuestro estudio puede deberse a las diferencias en la distribucion de las madrigueras en las islas, ya que las madrigueras de A. tenuirostris generalmente son distribuidas uniformemente en cada isla, y las madrigueras de E. minor tipicamente son distribuidas en parches. Estas se verian influenciadas por las caracteristicas especificas de la isla, en concierto con las preferencias de habitat, el tamano de la poblacion, y la variacion estacional en la abundancia de aves marinas. El muestreo estratificado no aumento la precision del muestreo y las simulaciones mostraron que grandes reducciones en el esfuerzo de muestreo podrian hacerse bajo un regimen de muestreo pseudo-aleatorio, con las estimaciones de la media de la abundancia siendo similar en la mayoria de los niveles del esfuerzo de muestreo. Para ambas especies, la reduccion en la proporcion de cuadrantes pseudo-aleatorios a 50% y 25% del esfuerzo del muestreo completo produjo intervalos de confianza de 12% y 21%, respectivamente, de la maxima, mientras que un esfuerzo de muestreo de 10% produjo intervalos de confianza de hasta el 36% de la maxima para ambas especies. Un regimen de muestreo pseudo-aleatorio maximizaria la eficiencia de muestreo porque considerablemente menos cuadrantes serian necesarios, y permitiria el desarrollo de protocolos y regimenes de muestreo mas eficientes.

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