Impact of grazing by the sea urchin Tetrapygus niger on the kelp Lessonia trabeculata in Northern Chile

The ability of sea urchins to destroy kelp forests, leaving large areas stripped of vegetation and covered by sparse calcareous algae is well known. The reduction in active predators of sea urchins combined with their broad diet makes them an important factor in the structuring of subtidal benthic marine systems. In central and northern Chile, the sea urchin Tetrapygus niger is known to reduce the spread of the subtidal kelp Lessonia trabeculata. However, its impact on the different development stages of L trabeculata has never been quantified or compared to other possible causes of the loss of material. The objective of this study was to quantify the grazing impact of T. niger on L. trabeculata at different stages of development (recruits, juveniles and adults). An exclusion experiment was conducted to evaluate the grazing effect of T. niger on kelp recruitment within a kelp bed, and kelp transplant experiments were conducted to quantify T. niger's impact on the stipes and fronds of juvenile and adult L. trabeculata. Our results showed that under natural sea urchin densities (10 ind. m(-2)), T. niger prevented the recruitment of L trabeculata. Tetrapygus niger completely consumed juvenile plants but only attacked the stipes of adult plants. Tetrapygus niger seems to use different feeding strategies depending on the ontogeny of the plant Lessonia trabeculata seems unable to defend itself against the impact of intensive grazing by sea urchins, which may be the primary source of mortality of recruits and juveniles of L trabeculata. However, T. niger's impact on adult plants is limited and shared with other herbivores that graze the fronds, such as fishes and spider crabs. (c) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.