Blood flow for bone remodelling correlates with locomotion in living and extinct birds

Nutrient arteries enter limb bones through discrete foramina on the shafts. They are required for bone remodelling in response to mechanical loading and dynamic forces imposed by locomotion. The cross-sectional area of the nutrient foramen of the femur represents an index of blood flow rate to the shaft and thus provides insight into the animal's level of activity. Morphometric data on femoral length, mass and foramen size from 100 extant bird species and eight extinct moa species were analysed allometrically and phylogenetically. The nutrient foramen blood flow index (Q(i)) and femur mass (M-f) increase with body mass (M-b). At 1 kg body mass, cursorial species have approximately 2.1 times higher Q(i) and 1.9 times heavier M-f than volant species. The scaling of Q(i) on M-f is independent of the primary mode of locomotion, but the ratio Q(i)/M-f decreases significantly in larger birds, although absolute Q(i) increases. The overall avian equation for Q(i) on M-b is not significantly different from previous data from mammals, but when differences in blood pressure are accounted for, estimated blood flow to the femur is approximately 1.9 times higher in cursorial birds than in mammals, possibly in relation to bipedalism and quadrupedalism, respectively. Femoral bone blood flow in both endothermic groups is estimated to be 50-100 times higher than in ectothermic reptiles.