Chemical studies of elements with Z ≥ 104 in gas phase

Chemical investigations of superheavy elements in the gas-phase, i.e. elements with Z >= 104, allow assessing the influence of relativistic effects on their chemical properties. Furthermore, for some superheavy elements and their compounds quite unique gas-phase chemical properties were predicted. The experimental verification of these properties yields supporting evidence for a firm assignment of the atomic number. Prominent examples are the high volatility observed for HsO(4) or the very weak interaction of Cn with gold surfaces. The unique properties of HsO(4) were exploited to discover the doubly-magic even even nucleus (270)Hs and the new isotope (271)Hs. The combination of kinematic pre-separation and gas-phase chemistry allowed gaining access to a new class of relatively fragile compounds, the carbonyl complexes of elements Sg through Mt. A not yet resolved issue concerns the interaction of Fl with gold surfaces. While competing experiments agree on the fact that Fl is a volatile element, there are discrepancies concerning its adsorption on gold surfaces with respect to its daughter Cn. The elucidation of these and other questions amounts to the fascination that gas-phase chemical investigations exert on current research at the extreme limits of chemistry today. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.