Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Enrica Rossini, Federico Biscetti, Maria Margherita Rando, Elisabetta Nardella, Andrea Leonardo Cecchini, Maria Anna Nicolazzi, Marcello Covino, Antonio Gasbarrini, Massimo Massetti, Andrea Flex
Summary: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in high-income countries, although its impact is decreasing. Statins are effective in reducing LDL cholesterol and the risk of mortality, but are under-prescribed or under-dosed due to concerns about side effects. Personalized treatment decisions should be made based on individual considerations and shared decision-making.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Francesco Baratta, Nicholas Cocomello, Mattia Coronati, Domenico Ferro, Daniele Pastori, Francesco Angelico, Maria Del Ben
Summary: Randomized clinical trials have shown that there is a residual cardiovascular risk in patients treated with statins and other lipid-lowering drugs to target LDL-cholesterol. This risk is mainly associated with lipid components other than LDL, particularly remnant cholesterol (RC) and lipoproteins rich in triglycerides. RCs play a major role in the development of atherosclerosis, easily passing through the arterial wall and stimulating the progression of smooth muscle cells and resident macrophages. Further studies and clinical trials are needed to evaluate the effects of drugs on RC levels and the efficacy of reducing RC on cardiovascular events.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Jian-Jun Li, Shui-Ping Zhao, Dong Zhao, Guo-Ping Lu, Dao-Quan Peng, Jing Liu, Zhen-Yue Chen, Yuan-Lin Guo, Na-Qiong Wu, Sheng-Kai Yan, Zeng-Wu Wang, Run-Lin Gao
Summary: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of death in urban and rural residents in China, with elevated cholesterol serving as a risk factor. There is a need to revise the Chinese guideline for lipid management due to breakthroughs in global research on blood lipids. The new guidelines continue to prioritize lowering cholesterol as the main objective of lipid control, providing guidance for various age groups.
FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Eberhard Windler, Frank-Ulrich Beil, Heiner K. Berthold, Ioanna Gouni-Berthold, Ursula Kassner, Gerald Klose, Stefan Lorkowski, Winfried Maerz, Klaus G. Parhofer, Jogchum Plat, Guenter Silbernagel, Elisabeth Steinhagen-Thiessen, Oliver Weingaertner, Birgit-Christiane Zyriax, Dieter Luetjohann
Summary: Phytosterols (PSs) have been proposed as a dietary means to lower plasma LDL-C. Observational studies show no evidence that plasma PS concentrations would be associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis or cardiovascular events. PSs offer a dietary approach to cholesterol management based on their LDL-C lowering and absence of adverse safety signals.
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Prakriti Gaba, Michelle L. O'Donoghue, Jeong-Gun Park, Stephen D. Wiviott, Dan Atar, Julia F. Kuder, KyungAh Im, Sabina A. Murphy, Gaetano M. De Ferrari, Zbigniew A. Gaciong, Kalman Toth, Ioanna Gouni-Berthold, Jose Lopez-Miranda, Francois Schiele, Francois Mach, Jose H. Flores-Arredondo, J. Antonio G. Lopez, Mary Elliott-Davey, Bei Wang, Maria Laura Monsalvo, Siddique Abbasi, Robert P. Giugliano, Marc S. Sabatine
Summary: This study found that long-term achievement of lower LDL-C levels (below 20 mg/dL) in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease was associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular events without significant safety concerns.
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Qing-Yun Hao, Jing-Wei Gao, Zhi-Min Yuan, Ming Gao, Jing-Feng Wang, Francois Schiele, Shao-Ling Zhang, Pin-Ming Liu
Summary: The study found that elevated levels of remnant cholesterol (RC) were associated with an increased risk of coronary artery calcium (CAC) progression, independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors, even in individuals with optimal LDL-C levels.
CIRCULATION-CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING
(2022)
Review
Toxicology
Charles A. German, James K. Liao
Summary: Statins not only reduce LDL-C through inhibition of the key rate-limiting step in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, but also improve serum clearance by upregulating the expression of LDL receptors. They may exert various pleiotropic effects, such as improving plaque stability, reducing inflammation and thrombosis, decreasing oxidative stress, and improving endothelial function and vascular tone. However, they also have potential harmful pleiotropic effects, including increased risk of muscle-related side effects, diabetes, hemorrhagic stroke, and cognitive decline.
ARCHIVES OF TOXICOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
In Sun Ryou, Ju Young Kim, Hwa Yeon Park, Sohee Oh, Sehun Kim, Hwa Jung Kim
Summary: The study found that the risk of MACE incidence decreased in statin users, but increased for low-risk statin users, with no significant relationship identified for intermediate and borderline risk groups. The risk of MACE incidence decreased only in the high CVD risk group among statin users.
FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Immunology
George A. Karpouzas, Bianca Papotti, Sarah R. Ormseth, Marcella Palumbo, Elizabeth Hernandez, Maria Pia Adorni, Francesca Zimetti, Matthew J. Budoff, Nicoletta Ronda
Summary: Cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) is associated with cardiovascular risk beyond HDL-cholesterol levels. Impaired ABCG1-CEC is found in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study evaluated the associations of ABCG1-CEC with coronary atherosclerosis, plaque progression, and cardiovascular risk in RA.
JOURNAL OF AUTOIMMUNITY
(2023)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Weiqiang Wu, Guanzhi Chen, Kuangyi Wu, Huancong Zheng, Yanjuan Chen, Xianxuan Wang, Zegui Huang, Zefeng Cai, Zhiwei Cai, Zhichao Chen, Yulong Lan, Shuohua Chen, Shouling Wu, Youren Chen
Summary: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between cumulative remnant-cholesterol (Cum-RC) concentration and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with hypertension. The study found that a consistently high Cum-RC concentration increases the risk of CVD in individuals with hypertension. Therefore, achieving blood pressure and RC concentration targets should be prioritized to reduce the risk of CVD in these individuals.
CARDIOVASCULAR DIABETOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Christina M. Sciarrillo, Nicholas A. Koemel, Bryant H. Keirns, Nile F. Banks, Emily M. Rogers, Sara K. Rosenkranz, Stephanie P. Kurti, Nathaniel D. M. Jenkins, Sam R. Emerson
Summary: Based on the study findings, individuals with fasting triglyceride concentrations between 70 and 130 mg/dL are most suitable for postprandial TG testing, as postprandial TG responses are largely predictable outside of this range.
CLINICAL NUTRITION
(2021)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Baris Gencer, Marco Bonomi, Maria Pia Adorni, Cesare R. Sirtori, Francois Mach, Massimiliano Ruscica
Summary: The cardiovascular benefit and safety of treating low testosterone conditions is debated due to lack of adequate studies on testosterone replacement therapy's impact on CV risk. Clinicians should carefully consider the use of testosterone in men with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease until more research is available.
REVIEWS IN ENDOCRINE & METABOLIC DISORDERS
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Tadeja Sotler, Miran Sebestjen
Summary: Disturbances in lipid metabolism are a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is an important protein in lipid metabolism that is also involved in inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerotic plaque development. PCSK9 has been linked to inflammation and plays a role in the initiation and development of atherosclerotic lesions. Experimental studies have shown that an increased concentration of PCSK9 accelerates endothelial cell apoptosis and impairs endothelial function, creating conditions for the development of atherosclerosis. PCSK9 inhibitors can improve clinical outcomes through both lipid-dependent and lipid-independent pathways.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Stephanie Morgan, M. Abdul Mottaleb, Maria P. Kraemer, Debra K. Moser, Jessica Worley, Andrew J. Morris, Michael C. Petriello
Summary: This study examines the relationship between 6 PFAS and cholesterol levels before and after a 6-month lifestyle-based intervention. The results show that cholesterol levels significantly decreased following the intervention, and there was a parallel decrease in PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, and PFHpA levels.
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Anastasia V. Poznyak, Nikolay K. Sadykhov, Andrey G. Kartuesov, Evgeny E. Borisov, Alexandra A. Melnichenko, Andrey V. Grechko, Alexander N. Orekhov
Summary: Atherosclerosis, a predecessor of cardiovascular diseases, has a high morbidity and mortality rate. However, the trigger mechanism is not well understood. Hypertension, among the various modifiable risk factors, is considered the most widespread and extensively researched factor for atherosclerosis development.
FRONTIERS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE
(2022)
Editorial Material
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Allan D. Sniderman, George Thanassoulis, Michael Pencina
EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL
(2020)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Michael J. Pencina, Karol M. Pencina, Donald Lloyd-Jones, Alberico L. Catapano, George Thanassoulis, Allan D. Sniderman
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Mehdi Afshar, Jian Rong, Yang Zhan, Hao Yu Chen, James C. Engert, Allan D. Sniderman, Martin G. Larson, Ramachandran S. Vasan, George Thanassoulis
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION
(2020)
Editorial Material
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Sniderman Allan, Michael Pencina, George Thanassoulis
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LIPIDOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
John T. Wilkins, Henrique S. Seckler, Jonathan Rink, Philip D. Compton, Luca Fornelli, C. Shad Thaxton, Rich LeDuc, David Jacobs, Peter F. Doubleday, Allan Sniderman, Donald M. Lloyd-Jones, Neil L. Kelleher
Summary: This study characterizes the associations between different proteoforms of ApoAI and ApoAII with cardiometabolic indices, showing that the relationships are proteoform-specific. These results demonstrate the potential for precise chemical characterization of human apolipoproteins to provide insights into the complex pathways through which proteins mediate health and disease.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION
(2021)
Review
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Tamara Glavinovic, George Thanassoulis, Jacqueline de Graaf, Patrick Couture, Robert A. Hegele, Allan D. Sniderman
Summary: This review explains the physiological mechanisms behind apoB as a marker of cardiovascular risk, including the nature and numbers of apoB particles, the mechanisms governing particle numbers, the mechanisms governing cholesterol mass within the particles, and major apoB dyslipoproteinemias.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION
(2022)
Editorial Material
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Allan D. Sniderman
EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL
(2022)
Editorial Material
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Elie Akl, Allan D. Sniderman
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Davide De Marco, Karol Pencina, Michael Pencina, Line Dufresne, George Thanassoulis, Allan D. Sniderman
Summary: This study examines the relationship between triglycerides and the LDL-C/Apo B and non-HDL-C/Apo B ratios, finding that plasma triglycerides should not be used to restrict the measurement of Apo B.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LIPIDOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
John H. Contois, Michel R. Langlois, Christa Cobbaert, Allan D. Sniderman
Summary: There is concern about the standardization of apoB measurement and its wide application in clinical care. However, this concern is unnecessary as multiple expert groups have determined that apoB measurement is adequately standardized and can be done inexpensively using automated methods. ApoB is more accurate, precise, and selective than other cholesterol markers, making it advantageous in modern lipid-lowering therapies.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION
(2023)