Kramers problem for nonequilibrium current-induced chemical reactions

We discuss the use of tunneling electron current to control and catalyze chemical reactions. Assuming the separation of time scales for electronic and nuclear dynamics we employ Langevin equation for a reaction coordinate. The Langevin equation contains nonconservative current-induced forces and gives nonequilibrium, effective potential energy surface for current-carrying molecular systems. The current-induced forces are computed via Keldysh nonequilibrium Green's functions. Once a nonequilibrium, current-depended potential energy surface is defined, the chemical reaction is modeled as an escape of a Brownian particle from the potential well. We demonstrate that the barrier between the reactant and the product states can be controlled by the bias voltage. When the molecule is asymmetrically coupled to the electrodes, the reaction can be catalyzed or stopped depending on the polarity of the tunneling current. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3626521]